【正文】 the same time, products from the market to close and only a single farm, it also makes the chain in Most of the main trading agricultural producers, their direct trading in the market, and littlew contact between producers and consumers, middlemen, so growers sell directly to consumers food and agricultural developing countries, especially near urban areas, the supply of vegetables, generally using this type of supply type of food supply type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distance, consumer demand quite different perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as thirdparty logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate type of supply chain, upstream gathered more producers, and in the middle part of a better understanding of the origin of production, but also in the sales channels to occupy a certain advantage, but fewer , Tfood supply chain and many growers, brokers and sellers and less downstream and concentrated, showing the shape of the supply chain for the dumbbellshaped pared to the food supply chain, which chain is longer, the sales performance of food and agricultural products and valueadded services for the indirect type of food supply chains more mon in China, China39。只有當(dāng)收益大于成本時(shí)，企業(yè)所選擇的寬度、深度和精度才是實(shí)施供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全跟蹤的動(dòng)力和保證。供應(yīng)商通常有著很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)性，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)食品有安全隱患和質(zhì)量問(wèn)題時(shí)，他們往往會(huì)采取措施，避免食品質(zhì)量安全問(wèn)題給企業(yè)自身或品牌帶來(lái)負(fù)面的影響。這也是企業(yè)實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理時(shí)需要分析考察的問(wèn)題：，以提高食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷量。這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是前述三個(gè)食品供應(yīng)鏈中所沒(méi)有的，這是大型超市和連鎖店對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求作出快速反w 應(yīng)的結(jié)果。因此，皇家阿荷生鮮超市實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理后，將供應(yīng)商從原來(lái)的250家減少為60家左右，使物流系統(tǒng)更加高效和簡(jiǎn)潔。因此,T型食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游種植業(yè)者眾多,而中下游中間商和銷售商較少且集中,供應(yīng)鏈的形狀呈現(xiàn)為 T型。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)是一種準(zhǔn)供應(yīng)鏈。這是因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)中買賣雙方信息不對(duì)稱,消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品時(shí)，不了解產(chǎn)品的衛(wèi)生、環(huán)保和安全信息。如今,在美國(guó)、英國(guó)、加拿大和荷蘭等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)較為發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家,這一管理模式已經(jīng)廣為應(yīng)用,并逐漸成為當(dāng)今學(xué)術(shù)研究的重點(diǎn)課題。隨著系統(tǒng)可控性越來(lái)越少被使用，相對(duì)地，在人類幸福、獲得日光和景觀、有效的照明、適當(dāng)?shù)穆晫W(xué)控制和熱舒適性方面的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越常見(jiàn)。雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師已經(jīng)意識(shí)到環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，但是考慮到可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的花費(fèi)又使他們氣餒。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師可能會(huì)認(rèn)為可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)需要額外的室內(nèi)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)及材質(zhì)，為此將會(huì)付出更高的代價(jià)。為了每份報(bào)表，要求受訪者根據(jù)當(dāng)前的規(guī)模把它評(píng)價(jià)為三大類，分類根據(jù)運(yùn)用的頻率，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)師以及設(shè)計(jì)師所在公司起作用。2．5室內(nèi)材料利用室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)材料，減少資源浪費(fèi)及其對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的格式采用封閉式的問(wèn)題，也就是些眾所周知的問(wèn)題，要求受訪者在研究員提供的方案中選擇形式和尺度。本研究是針對(duì)專業(yè)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)即美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員。許多室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)材料性能影響環(huán)境的知識(shí)只有有限認(rèn)識(shí)。它是一種有意識(shí)的思考過(guò)程，將學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)與想象力結(jié)合在一起。user Verlag AG 2008第二篇：室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)在環(huán)境上可持續(xù)的實(shí)踐摘要：本文旨在探討在現(xiàn)代室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則未保障環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的前提下，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師如何運(yùn)用促使環(huán)境可持續(xù)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方案。s loft, and in hotels that use the language(and contents)of , increasing numbers of grocery stores and bookstores include spaces and furniture for eating and , there is a new fort with stylistic convergences in interiors that appropriate and rebine disparate quotations from design are exemplified in spaces such as Rem Koolhaas39。 Crafts movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth is no accident that its strongest proponents(from Frank Lloyd Wright to Mies van der Rohe)extended their practices to include the realm of interiors during the nascency of the interiordesign , it was a defensive measure taken by architects who viewed formal intervention by an interior decorator or designer as a threat to the integrity of their , apart from strict modernists like Richard Meier who place a premium on homogeneity, architects who take on the role of interior designer(and their numbers are growing)are more likely to be eclectic in philosophy and practice, paralleling the twentyfirst century39。s cubicle, to the nurse39。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)教育工作者會(huì)鑒別不常用的可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)元件，發(fā)展提高對(duì)具體元件認(rèn)識(shí)的教學(xué)方法，同時(shí)繼續(xù)教育課程也可開(kāi)發(fā)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)者。然而，環(huán)境問(wèn)題和支持環(huán)境可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的需求已經(jīng)納入了傳統(tǒng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的范圍內(nèi)。因此，本文旨在將可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)定義為一種將所有系統(tǒng)和材料與整體效果相結(jié)合的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，以求減少對(duì)環(huán)境和居住者的負(fù)面影響，增加建筑物對(duì)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的積極作用。會(huì)員郵件列表并未包含個(gè)人或?qū)I(yè)信息，考慮到反應(yīng)率而確定樣本的取樣，此樣本隨機(jī)選擇。這一部分的問(wèn)題以能源、環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層(LEED)綠色建筑等級(jí)系統(tǒng)和明尼蘇達(dá)州的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑方針而發(fā)展。盡可能減少材料使用的數(shù)量；促進(jìn)材料分解，以便循環(huán)和重復(fù)使用；詳細(xì)說(shuō)明新舊材料。3討論室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師認(rèn)為環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)是重要的，但并不總是把它付諸實(shí)踐。此次研究將會(huì)成為激勵(lì)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)者去進(jìn)行環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的決定因素。4結(jié)論雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師承認(rèn)環(huán)境可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，但它在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)工程中的應(yīng)用并沒(méi)有達(dá)到它重要性認(rèn)知的同等水平。第三篇：食品安全外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯(適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯+中英文對(duì)照)w 論食品供應(yīng)鏈管理和食品質(zhì)量安全上世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái),供應(yīng)鏈管理已成為學(xué)術(shù)界和實(shí)業(yè)界關(guān)注的熱門話題,特別是供應(yīng)鏈管理成功地應(yīng)用于IBM、Pamp。(2)消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量要求也越來(lái)越高，迫使食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)實(shí)行食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，以保證穩(wěn)定的上游原料供應(yīng)和下游的銷售渠道暢通。二．食品供應(yīng)鏈生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)食品供應(yīng)鏈的形成是與其物流系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容不斷變化密切相關(guān)的,特別是在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)不斷演變的情況下,為人們創(chuàng)建高效率的食品供應(yīng)鏈管理范式提供了基礎(chǔ)。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈一般適用于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)地和銷售地相距較遠(yuǎn)，消費(fèi)需求差異較大的情況。隨著新興銷售業(yè)態(tài)的出現(xiàn),銷售渠道日益被大型專業(yè)市場(chǎng)和超市所壟斷,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的傳統(tǒng)銷售形式也被超市所取代,而且這種趨勢(shì)越來(lái)越明顯,同時(shí)由于技術(shù)水平的提高,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)也趨向于由少數(shù)種植商集約經(jīng)營(yíng)。據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，美國(guó)2002未加工和加工蔬菜的比例為15%和85%；水果為30%和70%。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤離不開(kāi)食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，因此基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤成了食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。因此，對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的安全質(zhì)量和品質(zhì)進(jìn)行細(xì)分，是差別化營(yíng)銷的必要前提。目前，歐盟已經(jīng)采用EAN/UCC系統(tǒng)，成功地開(kāi)展了對(duì)牛肉、蔬菜等食品追蹤的研究。Van Weele根據(jù)市場(chǎng)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品信息的需求，確定食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度。the third stage of supply chain integration management phase, the study extends further upstream to the most upstream agricultural enterprises(such as seed suppliers, etc.), the purpose is to extend the tracking and tracing of food quality and safety ofw agricultural products issues in order to quickly and effectively identify and solve article describes the production of different food supply chain logistics system characteristics, and the food supply chain management with the development of food quality and safety are analyzed and causes of supply chain management In recent years, the food supply chain, production and development of people39。fruit of 30% and 70%.Other countries also generally the supermarkets in order to meet consumer demand significant changes to the original by an independent enterprise engaged in specialized production of valueadded aspects of “internal” andw specifically the establishment of largescale processing and distribution center for agricultural products for cleaning, sorting, indepth processing, packaging and distribution and other valueadded services, through the implementation of HACCP in a large processing center and GMP certification process quality and health and safety, to ensure the quality of food and agricultural link is above three does not have the food supply chain, which is large supermarkets and chain stores to respond quickly to market demands upstream suppliers to enhance the strength and advantages of the processing center part of th