【正文】 the same time, products from the market to close and only a single farm, it also makes the chain in Most of the main trading agricultural producers, their direct trading in the market, and littlew contact between producers and consumers, middlemen, so growers sell directly to consumers food and agricultural developing countries, especially near urban areas, the supply of vegetables, generally using this type of supply type of food supply type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distance, consumer demand quite different perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as thirdparty logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate type of supply chain, upstream gathered more producers, and in the middle part of a better understanding of the origin of production, but also in the sales channels to occupy a certain advantage, but fewer , Tfood supply chain and many growers, brokers and sellers and less downstream and concentrated, showing the shape of the supply chain for the dumbbellshaped pared to the food supply chain, which chain is longer, the sales performance of food and agricultural products and valueadded services for the indirect type of food supply chains more mon in China, China39。只有當收益大于成本時，企業(yè)所選擇的寬度、深度和精度才是實施供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全跟蹤的動力和保證。供應(yīng)商通常有著很強的經(jīng)濟驅(qū)動性，當發(fā)現(xiàn)食品有安全隱患和質(zhì)量問題時，他們往往會采取措施，避免食品質(zhì)量安全問題給企業(yè)自身或品牌帶來負面的影響。這也是企業(yè)實施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理時需要分析考察的問題：，以提高食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷量。這個環(huán)節(jié)是前述三個食品供應(yīng)鏈中所沒有的，這是大型超市和連鎖店對市場需求作出快速反w 應(yīng)的結(jié)果。因此，皇家阿荷生鮮超市實施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理后，將供應(yīng)商從原來的250家減少為60家左右，使物流系統(tǒng)更加高效和簡潔。因此,T型食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游種植業(yè)者眾多,而中下游中間商和銷售商較少且集中,供應(yīng)鏈的形狀呈現(xiàn)為 T型。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈嚴格來說是一種準供應(yīng)鏈。這是因為市場中買賣雙方信息不對稱,消費者在購買食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品時，不了解產(chǎn)品的衛(wèi)生、環(huán)保和安全信息。如今,在美國、英國、加拿大和荷蘭等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)較為發(fā)達的國家,這一管理模式已經(jīng)廣為應(yīng)用,并逐漸成為當今學(xué)術(shù)研究的重點課題。隨著系統(tǒng)可控性越來越少被使用，相對地，在人類幸福、獲得日光和景觀、有效的照明、適當?shù)穆晫W(xué)控制和熱舒適性方面的應(yīng)用越來越常見。雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計師已經(jīng)意識到環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計的重要性，但是考慮到可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計的花費又使他們氣餒。室內(nèi)設(shè)計師可能會認為可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計需要額外的室內(nèi)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)及材質(zhì)，為此將會付出更高的代價。為了每份報表，要求受訪者根據(jù)當前的規(guī)模把它評價為三大類，分類根據(jù)運用的頻率，對設(shè)計師以及設(shè)計師所在公司起作用。2．5室內(nèi)材料利用室內(nèi)設(shè)計材料，減少資源浪費及其對環(huán)境的影響。調(diào)查問卷的格式采用封閉式的問題，也就是些眾所周知的問題，要求受訪者在研究員提供的方案中選擇形式和尺度。本研究是針對專業(yè)室內(nèi)設(shè)計機構(gòu)即美國室內(nèi)設(shè)計所的室內(nèi)設(shè)計從業(yè)人員。許多室內(nèi)設(shè)計師對材料性能影響環(huán)境的知識只有有限認識。它是一種有意識的思考過程，將學(xué)術(shù)知識與想象力結(jié)合在一起。user Verlag AG 2008第二篇：室內(nèi)設(shè)計外文翻譯室內(nèi)設(shè)計在環(huán)境上可持續(xù)的實踐摘要：本文旨在探討在現(xiàn)代室內(nèi)設(shè)計準則未保障環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的前提下，室內(nèi)設(shè)計師如何運用促使環(huán)境可持續(xù)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計方案。s loft, and in hotels that use the language(and contents)of , increasing numbers of grocery stores and bookstores include spaces and furniture for eating and , there is a new fort with stylistic convergences in interiors that appropriate and rebine disparate quotations from design are exemplified in spaces such as Rem Koolhaas39。 Crafts movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth is no accident that its strongest proponents(from Frank Lloyd Wright to Mies van der Rohe)extended their practices to include the realm of interiors during the nascency of the interiordesign , it was a defensive measure taken by architects who viewed formal intervention by an interior decorator or designer as a threat to the integrity of their , apart from strict modernists like Richard Meier who place a premium on homogeneity, architects who take on the role of interior designer(and their numbers are growing)are more likely to be eclectic in philosophy and practice, paralleling the twentyfirst century39。s cubicle, to the nurse39。室內(nèi)設(shè)計教育工作者會鑒別不常用的可持續(xù)設(shè)計元件，發(fā)展提高對具體元件認識的教學(xué)方法，同時繼續(xù)教育課程也可開發(fā)室內(nèi)設(shè)計從業(yè)者。然而，環(huán)境問題和支持環(huán)境可持續(xù)設(shè)計的需求已經(jīng)納入了傳統(tǒng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計準則的范圍內(nèi)。因此，本文旨在將可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計定義為一種將所有系統(tǒng)和材料與整體效果相結(jié)合的室內(nèi)設(shè)計，以求減少對環(huán)境和居住者的負面影響，增加建筑物對環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟和社會的積極作用。會員郵件列表并未包含個人或?qū)I(yè)信息，考慮到反應(yīng)率而確定樣本的取樣，此樣本隨機選擇。這一部分的問題以能源、環(huán)境設(shè)計的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層(LEED)綠色建筑等級系統(tǒng)和明尼蘇達州的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑方針而發(fā)展。盡可能減少材料使用的數(shù)量；促進材料分解，以便循環(huán)和重復(fù)使用；詳細說明新舊材料。3討論室內(nèi)設(shè)計師認為環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計是重要的，但并不總是把它付諸實踐。此次研究將會成為激勵室內(nèi)設(shè)計從業(yè)者去進行環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計實踐的決定因素。4結(jié)論雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計師承認環(huán)境可持續(xù)設(shè)計的重要性，但它在室內(nèi)設(shè)計工程中的應(yīng)用并沒有達到它重要性認知的同等水平。第三篇：食品安全外文文獻翻譯(適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯+中英文對照)w 論食品供應(yīng)鏈管理和食品質(zhì)量安全上世紀90年代以來,供應(yīng)鏈管理已成為學(xué)術(shù)界和實業(yè)界關(guān)注的熱門話題,特別是供應(yīng)鏈管理成功地應(yīng)用于IBM、Pamp。(2)消費者對食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量要求也越來越高，迫使食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)實行食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，以保證穩(wěn)定的上游原料供應(yīng)和下游的銷售渠道暢通。二．食品供應(yīng)鏈生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)食品供應(yīng)鏈的形成是與其物流系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容不斷變化密切相關(guān)的,特別是在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)不斷演變的情況下,為人們創(chuàng)建高效率的食品供應(yīng)鏈管理范式提供了基礎(chǔ)。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈一般適用于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)地和銷售地相距較遠，消費需求差異較大的情況。隨著新興銷售業(yè)態(tài)的出現(xiàn),銷售渠道日益被大型專業(yè)市場和超市所壟斷,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的傳統(tǒng)銷售形式也被超市所取代,而且這種趨勢越來越明顯,同時由于技術(shù)水平的提高,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)也趨向于由少數(shù)種植商集約經(jīng)營。據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計表明，美國2002未加工和加工蔬菜的比例為15%和85%；水果為30%和70%。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤離不開食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，因此基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤成了食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的重點和難點。因此，對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的安全質(zhì)量和品質(zhì)進行細分，是差別化營銷的必要前提。目前，歐盟已經(jīng)采用EAN/UCC系統(tǒng)，成功地開展了對牛肉、蔬菜等食品追蹤的研究。Van Weele根據(jù)市場對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品信息的需求，確定食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度。the third stage of supply chain integration management phase, the study extends further upstream to the most upstream agricultural enterprises(such as seed suppliers, etc.), the purpose is to extend the tracking and tracing of food quality and safety ofw agricultural products issues in order to quickly and effectively identify and solve article describes the production of different food supply chain logistics system characteristics, and the food supply chain management with the development of food quality and safety are analyzed and causes of supply chain management In recent years, the food supply chain, production and development of people39。fruit of 30% and 70%.Other countries also generally the supermarkets in order to meet consumer demand significant changes to the original by an independent enterprise engaged in specialized production of valueadded aspects of “internal” andw specifically the establishment of largescale processing and distribution center for agricultural products for cleaning, sorting, indepth processing, packaging and distribution and other valueadded services, through the implementation of HACCP in a large processing center and GMP certification process quality and health and safety, to ensure the quality of food and agricultural link is above three does not have the food supply chain, which is large supermarkets and chain stores to respond quickly to market demands upstream suppliers to enhance the strength and advantages of the processing center part of th