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2023年 3月 23日星期四 下午 2時(shí) 54分 17秒 14:54: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提升自我。 2023年 3月 23日星期四 2時(shí) 54分 17秒 14:54:1723 March 2023 ? 1空山新雨后,天氣晚來秋。 , March 23, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果,但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 :54:1714:54Mar2323Mar23 ? 1故人江海別,幾度隔山川。g/kg 18 () 相差 2個(gè)肝癌 /年 /億人 29 例 2. HBsAg(+ ) 25%。 4 Risk analysis – why ? 為什么要進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)性分析 ? Food safety of increasing concern ? 食品安全被廣為關(guān)注 ? Move towards a risk based approach ? 趨向于對(duì)危險(xiǎn)性的研究 ? Decision making based on sound science ? 基于科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上的決策 5 Risk Analysis what is it? A process consisting of 3 ponents: ? risk assessment 危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估 ? risk management 危險(xiǎn)性管理 ? risk munication 危險(xiǎn)性信息交流 6 Risk Analysis Paradigm Risk Assessment Risk Management Risk Communication ? Science based ? Policy based ? Interactive exchange of information and opinions 7 Risk Assessment (CAC, 1997) 危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估 ? A scientifically based process ? 科學(xué)評(píng)估的程序 ? The evaluation of the potential for adverse effects on human or animal health arising from the presence of additives, contaminants, toxins or diseasecausing anisms in food, beverages or feedstuffs. (WTO) ? 評(píng)估食品、飲料、飼料中的 添加劑、污染物、毒素或病原菌對(duì)人群或動(dòng)物潛在副作用的科學(xué)程序。 16 Risk management 危險(xiǎn)性管理 4 Elements: ? Risk evaluation ? 危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià) ? Risk management options assessment ? 危險(xiǎn)性管理選項(xiàng)評(píng)估 ? Implementation ? 執(zhí)行 ? Monitoring and review ? 監(jiān)測(cè)和回顧 17 Implementation 執(zhí)行 ? Can be done by both government officials and the food industry ? 可被政府官方和食品企業(yè)執(zhí)行 ? Implementation will take different forms depending what decisions have been taken ? 執(zhí)行將根據(jù)已定的決議采取不同形式 ? MRA may be useful in implementation ? information on product pathogen pathway ? in particular exposure assessment can be a valuable information source ? MRA在執(zhí)行中的作用 ? 病原菌產(chǎn)生的途徑 ? 特別是暴露評(píng)估可作為有價(jià)值的信息來源 18 Monitoring and Review 監(jiān)測(cè)與評(píng)議 ? Assess effectiveness of measures taken ? 評(píng)估所用方法的效率 ? provides more data ? 提供更多數(shù)據(jù) ? provides information need to review risk management decision and if needed risk assessment ? 提供信息,以便評(píng)議危險(xiǎn)性管理決議及是否需要危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估 19 Risk Analysiswho uses it ? A tool for use primarily by governments 各國(guó)政府 ? protect consumer health 保護(hù)消費(fèi)者健康 ? maintain confidence in internationally traded food (market maintenance) harmonization, mutual recognition, equivalence 維持在國(guó)際食品貿(mào)易中的信心 一體、共識(shí)、平等 ? At international level 國(guó)際水平 ? WTO use risk assessment techniques developed by relevant international anizations 國(guó)際貿(mào)易中采用由相關(guān)國(guó)際組織建立的危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估技術(shù) ? used by standard setting bodies (Codex) 被國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指定團(tuán)體所采用 20 CAC 常遇到的問題 ? Different opinions on methods or outputs of assessment, eg., using “ As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) ” for contaminants ? 對(duì)專家評(píng)價(jià)方法或結(jié)果有不同看法,如污染物達(dá)到盡可能低的水平 ? 黃曲霉毒素(總量、 B M1) ?