【正文】 2023年 2月 13日星期一 上午 3時(shí) 29分 1秒 03:29: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提升自我。 2023年 2月 13日星期一 3時(shí) 29分 1秒 03:29:0113 February 2023 ? 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。 , February 13, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 :29:0103:29Feb2313Feb23 ? 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。它著重解決現(xiàn)實(shí)當(dāng)中的實(shí)際問題，一般不接觸語言的歷史狀態(tài)，也不大介入一般理論上的爭辯。 Descriptive linguistics (描寫語言學(xué) ) The study of a language or languages at a specific stage of development, with emphasis on constructing a plete grammar rather than on historical development or parison with other languages. 主要特點(diǎn) : ①注重口語和共時(shí)描寫。它研究在特定情景中的特定話語，研究如何通過語境來理解和使用語言。排列正確的句子被認(rèn)為是合乎語法的句子。s day.” Its Latin equivalent is dies lunae,” day of the moon.” For the AngloSaxons the second day was sacred to the goddess of the moon. Tuesday, third day of the week, named for the Norse[(古 )斯堪的納維亞語的 ] god of war, Tiu, or Tyr. The Romans honored Mars, the god of war, by naming the third day for him (dies Martis). Tiu the Germanic god of war and the sky. Wednesday, fourth day of the week, named to honor Odin, or Woden, chief god in Norse mythology. The Romans honored the god Mercury by naming the fourth day for him, in Latin, dies Mercurii. Thursday, fifth day of the week, named for Thor, Norse god of thunder. In the Roman calendar, the fifth day was called dies Jovis, Latin for “ Jove39。 a password or watchword. 7. a. News: Any word on your promotion? b. Rumor: Word has it they39。 A closed fourwheel carriage with two seats inside and one outside. caravan A large covered vehicle。 a van. a buggy a coup233。re divorcing. 8. words Hostile or angry remarks made back and forth. 9. Word: the Bible. Difficulties in the Definition of the Word The word may be defined differently depending on whether we focus on its representation, the thought which it expresses, or purely formal criteria. There have been several types of definitions. The first type of definition relies mainly on writing traditions The second type of definition considers the word as a thought unit or a psychological unit. The third type of definition relies only on purely formal criteria. Major Features of Words 1. A word is a sound or bination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment. 2. A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else. 3. The word is an uninterruptible unit. 4. A word has to do with its social function. 5. A word may consist of one or more morphemes. 6. Words are part of the large munication system we call language. 7. A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases. The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics 1. With phoics。s day,” for Jove, or Jupiter, the god of thunder and rain, the most important deity in Roman mythology. ? Thor in Norse mythology, god of thunder, eldest son of the ruler of the gods, Odin, and the earth goddess, Jord. Thor was the strongest of the Aesir, the chief gods, whom he protected from their enemies, the giants. He fought with a magic hammer, which always returned to him when thrown. Thor39。 Semantics (語義學(xué) ) In programming, the relationship between words or symbols and their intended meanings. Programming languages are subject to certain semantic rules。 Psycholinguistics (心理語言學(xué) ) The study of the influence of psychological factors on the development, use, and interpretation of language. 心理語言學(xué)是研究語言活動(dòng)中的心理過程的學(xué)科，它涉及人類個(gè)體如何掌握和運(yùn)用語言系統(tǒng)，如何在實(shí)際交往中使語言系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用，以及為了掌握和運(yùn)用這個(gè)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)具有什么知識(shí)和能力。 ②注重形式分析，避開意義這一因素。可以說，它是鑒定各種理論的實(shí)驗(yàn)場。 03:29:0103:29:0103:29Monday, February 13, 2023 ? 1乍見翻疑夢(mèng)，相悲各問年。 03:29:0103:29:0103:292/13/2023 3:29:01 AM ? 1成功就是日復(fù)一日那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小努力的積累。 上午 3時(shí) 29分 1秒 上午 3時(shí) 29分 03:29: ? 楊柳散和風(fēng)，青山澹吾慮。 2023年 2月 上午 3時(shí) 29分 :29February 13, 2023 ? 1業(yè)余生活要有意義，不要越軌。 :29:0103:29:01February 13, 2023 ? 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 2023年 2月 上午 3時(shí) 29分 :29February 13, 2023 ? 1少年十五二十時(shí)，步行奪得胡馬騎。 上午 3時(shí) 29分 1秒 上午 3時(shí) 29分 03:29: ? 沒有失敗，只有暫時(shí)停止成功！。 03:29:0103:29:0103:292/13/2023 3:29:01 AM ? 1以我獨(dú)沈久，愧君相見頻。利用這門學(xué) 科一方面可以研究相關(guān)語言之間結(jié)構(gòu)上的親緣關(guān)系，找出它們的共同母語，或者明白各種語言自身的特點(diǎn)對(duì)語 Applied linguistics (應(yīng)用語言學(xué) ) ? Strictly any application of linguistics. But often in practice of a discipline which applies the findings of linguistics, among others, in education: . or especially to teaching English as a foreign or second language. ? 應(yīng)用語言學(xué) applied linguistics研究語言在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域中實(shí)際應(yīng)用的語言學(xué)分支。根據(jù)這些語體特征、語體方面去分析研究文學(xué)作品稱為語體學(xué)方法。 pragmatics (語用學(xué) ) The study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors and their behavior. 語用學(xué)是語言學(xué)各分支中一個(gè)以語言意義為研究對(duì)象的新興學(xué)科領(lǐng)域，兩個(gè)概念 :1. 是意義， 2. 語境。句子是根據(jù)一種特定的排列詞的方式構(gòu)成的。s day,” the name of a pagan Roman holiday. In the early days of Christianity, Sunday began to replace the Sabbath. Roman emperor Constantine the Great designated Sunday as a day of rest. Monday, second day of the week, derived from the AngloSaxon monandaeg, which means “ the moon39。 an order: gave the word to retreat. b. A verbal signal。 a stagecoach. coup233。 car, bus, motor, moped, sedan, saloon, limousine, shuttle airplane, airbus, jet plane, spaceship 2. Psychological function Language is used to express man’ s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. No thinking, no language. Definition of Linguistics The analytic study of human language. OR The study of the nature and structure of human speech. OR Linguistics is concerned with the lexical and grammatical c