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【正文】 Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 1 ? Introduction ? Basic Tariff Analysis ? Costs and Benefits of a Tariff ? Other Instruments of Trade Policy ? The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary ? Summary Chapter Organization 2 ? Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium ? Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly 3 Introduction ? This chapter is focused on the following questions: ? What are the effects of various trade policy instruments? – Who will benefit , and who will lose ? ? What are the costs and benefits of protection? – Will the benefits outweigh the costs? ? What should a nation’s trade policy be? 4 Classification of Commercial Policy Instruments Commercial Policy Instruments Trade Contraction Trade Expansion Tariff Export tax Import quota Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) Import subsidy Export subsidy Voluntary Import Expansion (VIE) Price Quantity Price Quantity 5 Basic Tariff Analysis ? Tariffs can be classified as: ? Specific tariffs – Taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported – Example: A specific tariff of $10 on each imported bicycle with an international price of $100 means that customs officials collect the fixed sum of $10. ? Ad valorem tariffs – Taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods – Example: A 20% ad valorem tariff on bicycles generates a $20 payment on each $100 imported bicycle. 6 ? A pound duty (tariff) is a bination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff. ? Modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriers, such as: – Import quotas – Limit the quantity of imports – Export restraints – Limit the quantity of exports Basic Tariff Analysis 7 ? Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry ? Suppose that there are two countries (Home and Foreign). ? Both countries consume and produce wheat, which can be costless transported between the countries. ? In each country, wheat is a petitive industry. ? Suppose that in the absence of trade the price of wheat at Home exceeds the corresponding price at Foreign. – This implies that shippers begin to move wheat from Foreign to Home. – The export of wheat raises its price in Foreign and lowers its price in Home until the initial difference in prices has been eliminated. Basic Tariff Analysis 8 ? To determine the world price (Pw) and the quantity trade (Qw), two curves are defined: ? Home import demand curve – Shows the maximum quantity of imports the Home country would like to consume at each price of the imported good. – That is, the excess of what Home consumers demand over what Home producers supply: MD = D(P) – S(P) ? Foreign export supply curve – Shows the maximum quantity of exports Foreign would like to provide the rest of the world at each price. – That is, the excess of what Foreign producers supply over what foreign consumers demand: XS = S*(P*) – D*(P*) Basic Tariff Analysis 9 Quantity, Q Price, P Price, P Quantity, Q MD D S A PA P2 P1 S2 D2 D2 – S2 2 S1 D1 D1 – S1 1 Figure 81: Deriving Home’s Import Demand Curve Basic Tariff Analysis 10 ? Properties of the import demand curve: ? It intersects the vertical axis at the closed economy price of the importing country. ? It is downward sloping. ? It is flatter than the domestic demand curve in the importing country. Basic Tariff Analysis 11 P2 P*A D* S* P1 XS Price, P Price, P Quantity, Q Quantity, Q S*2 – D*2 S*2 D*2 Figure 82: Deriving Foreign’s Export Supply Curve Basic Tariff Analysis D*1 S*1 S*1 – D*1 12 ? Properties of the export supply curve: ? It intersects the vertical axis at the closed economy price of the exporting cou
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