【正文】 Hooley [I967]。 3 Philippines . . . United Kingdom . . . Singapore . . . Portugal E g y p t 12. 7 Israel 24,9 a SITC 61. b SITC 841. Malta 413 India Table 2 Textile and Apparel Market Shares, 1967 and 1974 percent Textiles Apparel 1967 1974 1967 1974 I I Developing Countries i5. 4 I [ Eight Industrial Countries 9 9 649 i i 424 Source: UN [Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, var. iss.] 296 Gregory Schmid and O w e n P h i l l i p s Table 3 Share o/ Textiles and Apparel in Total Manu/aetured Exports a, 1974 percent C o u n t r y S h a r e C o u n t r y S h a r e E g y p t 7 1 . 2 B r a z i l . . 2 1 . 8 M a l t a . . . 5 9 . 6 T u n i s i a . . 2 1 . 2 I n d i a 4 6 . 7 P h i l i p p i n e s P o r t u g a l . . . 4 0 . 4 S i n g a p o r e . 11. 4 K o r e a 3 8 . 0 I s r a e l . . C o l o m b i a . . 3 5 . 4 S p a i n . . 8 . 7 G r e e c e . . . 2 6 . 2 a T e x t i l e s : S I T C 65 。 between 1968 and 1974, by percent per year. Growth rates in volume terms were more modest, though the increase was still significant: percent, per cent, and percent in the three periods [IMF, var. iss.]. The trade boom of the late I96OS and early I97OS was even more pro nounced in the textile and apparel markets. Between 1968 and 1974, the dollar value of textile trade rose by 18. 9 percent per year。 and there are probably other important factors of production inherent in such things as specialized management, organizational, and marketing skills. It is likely that specific developing exporters are successful because they achieve sizable economies or utilize special skills not available to other lowwage countries. The presence of economies of scale or specialized skills is hard to measure in any multicountry parison, so the differences in industrial performance among countries have to be measured by paring relative costs and rates of return from factors used in production and the extra output associated with additional factors. Textile Trade and the Pattern of Economic Growth 297 The measures used in this study will be similar to those used in a number of studies of overall manufacturing petitiveness. The mea sures include: the cost of labor, the value added associated with each employee, the relative efficiency in the utilization of capital, the unit cost of output, and the return to factors other than labor. T h e Cost o / L a b o r . The cost of labor is the return given to one of the key factors of production. Differences in returns reflect both different supply situations and different levels of education, experience, and skill [Lipsey and Weiss, 1973。 Sato [I97z]。 share of world textile trade has grown. This trend may be explained by the standard factor proportions model of international trade, which implies that lowine, lowwage countries should have some parative advantage in the rel atively laborintensive textile trade. The standard factor proportions mod el assumes no economies of scale and usually two homogenous factors of productionlabor and capital. The cost of capital should be roughly equal to efficient producers in any country,