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小麥氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及其在農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)中的應(yīng)用研究-免費(fèi)閱讀

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【正文】 如種子已萌動(dòng)但麥芽尚未出土, 會(huì)因耕層土壤水份呈飽和狀態(tài)缺少空氣,麥芽會(huì)窒息死亡,即造成“芽澇”。干 旱還會(huì)抑Nd麥的胚芽鞘長、主胚根長、側(cè)胚根的長度和數(shù)目以及發(fā)芽率等∽引。安徽省小麥生育期長達(dá)190~230天,跨秋、冬、春三個(gè)季節(jié),很容易遭 受干旱、澇漬、凍害、冰雹、干熱風(fēng)等氣象災(zāi)害而造成不同程度的影響和產(chǎn)量損失。依據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)保 險(xiǎn)的要求,分別選擇損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)和災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo),進(jìn)行了農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分區(qū),并 且進(jìn)行區(qū)域保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率設(shè)計(jì)。首 先,對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的氣象災(zāi)害指標(biāo)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,設(shè)計(jì)了五種小麥主要?dú)庀鬄?zāi)害指數(shù),將離散 6 的災(zāi)害等級(jí)描述轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫B續(xù)的災(zāi)害指數(shù),并且對(duì)各個(gè)指數(shù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理,以消除 量綱和量級(jí)的影響。對(duì)安徽省小麥氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn) 行系統(tǒng)研究尚未見報(bào)道。 目前對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究特別是多災(zāi)種農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害的研究還很少。 劉麗、代宏霞先將自然災(zāi)害保險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)判分為災(zāi)害危險(xiǎn)性與災(zāi)害易損性評(píng)判伯∞。以上農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)多針對(duì)單災(zāi)種, 4 以作物為研究對(duì)象,針對(duì)多種氣象災(zāi)害綜合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究卻不多見。 進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)50年代后,隨著人們對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害認(rèn)識(shí)的深入,原先在自然災(zāi)害領(lǐng) 域的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法、指標(biāo)體系開始逐漸引入到農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)中來,并且進(jìn)行 了一系列的諸如干旱、低溫以及冰雹等單災(zāi)種農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。建立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)模型所選用的指標(biāo)主要為歷年平均減產(chǎn)率,減產(chǎn)率變異系數(shù)以及發(fā) 生概率“叫們。羅培以重慶地區(qū)的干旱災(zāi)害為研究對(duì)象,運(yùn)用GIS技術(shù),對(duì)干旱災(zāi)害的孕 災(zāi)背景、災(zāi)害危險(xiǎn)性、承災(zāi)體易損性進(jìn)行評(píng)估和區(qū)劃∞”。針對(duì)小區(qū)域內(nèi)歷史災(zāi)情資料不多的 特點(diǎn),有學(xué)者引入了信息擴(kuò)散的方法,對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)自然災(zāi)害進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估四’??偟膩碚f,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)由早期的極值風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型,發(fā)展到概率評(píng)估模型,直到 近代的模糊數(shù)學(xué)模型幢∞。承災(zāi)體的脆弱性水平也是影響災(zāi) 害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小的基本因素之一,如果相對(duì)于某風(fēng)險(xiǎn)源的災(zāi)害脆弱性愈低,則承災(zāi)體遭受 損失的可能性越小,災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也就越小。對(duì)氣象災(zāi)害致災(zāi)因子的分 析,主要是分析引發(fā)災(zāi)害的氣象事件強(qiáng)度以及時(shí)空特征。一般認(rèn)為自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指災(zāi)害活動(dòng)及 其對(duì)人類生命財(cái)產(chǎn)破壞的可能168。本研究嘗試了將安徽省小麥氣象 災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的結(jié)果應(yīng)用到農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)決策管理中,著重闡述了2個(gè)方面的應(yīng)用嘗試: (1)以氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)以及小麥減產(chǎn)率大于10%發(fā)生的概率為指標(biāo),按照農(nóng)業(yè)保 險(xiǎn)分區(qū)的要求,采用K-Means聚類方法,將安徽省分為4個(gè)不同的保險(xiǎn)區(qū)域,并且 對(duì)各個(gè)保險(xiǎn)區(qū)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征進(jìn)行闡述;(2)提出了農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)差異化經(jīng)營的方法,使用 區(qū)域風(fēng)險(xiǎn)系數(shù)結(jié)合基準(zhǔn)費(fèi)率來進(jìn)行區(qū)域差別費(fèi)率的設(shè)定,并且嘗試性進(jìn)行了各個(gè)區(qū) 域費(fèi)率的計(jì)算 關(guān)鍵字:氣象災(zāi)害,風(fēng)險(xiǎn),小麥,農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn),應(yīng)用 II Abstract This study userisk analysismethod,withGIS technologyanalyzed andevaluation main meteorological disastersriskofAnhuiwheat.And applied resultsto agriculture InsuranceDecision.This study researchcontentsandobtainresultsasfollows: First?。桑洌澹睿簦椋妫椋悖幔簦椋铮?main meteorological disasters ofAnhuiwheat.The results showed that,drought,waterlogging,winterfreeze,late frostbiteandhot dry windare Anhuiwheatmain meteorological disasters.Forindicators quantified needsofdisasters analysis,this study reference wheat disasters meteorological indicators,designed disastersindex.InOrderto identifyingdisasters comprehensiveeffectthisstudy use 鱸aytheory to design Combineddisaster index,CalculateGray Correlationbetween disastersindexand yield.Resultsshowed廿l礬wheatdrought disasterWasthe greatest impact,followeddry hot wind,again is waterlogging,Latefrost,winterfreeze injury Waslittle effect.Use Grey Correlationas weight?。郑幔颍椋铮酰?disasterssumindexwith weights,Thencomprehensive disasterindexof meteorological disastersWas obtained, useit to correlation analysis withLoss rate,The results showed they had significant correlation. Secondly.conducted risk analysis ofAnhuiwheat meteorological disasters.The study Toovercome sample less brought information incompletedefects,usingfuzzy mathematicsinformationdiffusionmethodcalculated single disasterand comprehensive disasterindex probability in different levels,and drawnExceed probabilitycurve(EP curve),Thenanalyzed distribution of disasters,And result showed:Anhuiwheat meteorologicaldisastersobviousdifferenceinSouthand north,With latitude rendering gradient distribution characteristics.Average disaster index and large disasters probability of drought,dry hotwindwere increasing fromsouthtoNorth;winterFrost andlatefrostbitealso appearsincreasing trendfromsouthtoNorth turn,but nearthe Yangtzeregion were smaller;waterlogging disasterfromsouthtoNorthturn rendering gradientdecreasing;but from Comprehensive disastersdistribution,fromsouthtonorth graduallyincreasing. Again,established disasterriskassessmentmodelandassessmentriskofwheat meteorological disasters in Anhui.Forcomparison,thispaper uset
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