【正文】 英國政客反對詹姆斯二世，他們呼吁信奉新教的國王，奧蘭治親王威謙入侵英國奪取王位。39。 英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱為清教徒革命。通過她從未具體化的聯(lián)姻，伊莉莎白設(shè)法與法國維持友好關(guān)系，因此英國能面對來自西班牙的危險。s religious reform was a promise of views. She broke Mary39。 1534年的《繼位法》和 1535年的《至尊法案》使改革具有了可行性。 the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented。泰勒在又一次與國王的會見中被殺死。鼠疫導(dǎo)致了大片土地?zé)o人照管和勞動力極度匱乏。其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國幫助蘇格蘭人，以及不斷覺醒的民族意識。 War and its consequences. 百年戰(zhàn)爭及其結(jié)果 The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England39?！洞髴椪隆返木袷窍拗茋鯔?quán)力，使其在英國封建法律允許的范圍內(nèi)活動。另外，他用陪審員制度代替了舊的殘酷的審判制度。 King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a mon law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordealbased trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop39。 ⑦ 英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主，而且要效忠于國王。s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily bine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had bee William39。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。 2． The Norman Conquest and its consequences 諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。他改組了 “ 弗立德 ” （撒克遜軍隊），使之更為高效。 9世紀(jì)，尤其是公元835878年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北部修士們的傳教活動。六世紀(jì)后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時也他們也把名字給了英國人。 Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The AnglosSaxons’ invasion。 for limited Roman influence on Britain. 羅馬對不列顛的影響有限的原因。 The third wave were the Belgaecame about 150 BC. 第三次是約公元前 150 年比利其人的到達。 main problem in Northern Ireland: 北愛爾蘭存在的主要問題： The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作為統(tǒng)治者的新教徒和要求更多社會、政治及經(jīng)濟權(quán)利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭。 The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly. 蘇格蘭人通常被認為嚴(yán)肅、謹慎而且節(jié)儉，但是他們同樣也熱情、大方且友好。冬天，海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用； 2） The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate。 River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。 and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。首府：貝爾法斯特。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔 1,343米。 Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（ 1,085m） 斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點，海拔 1,085 米。 一年四季盛行的西南風(fēng)和西風(fēng)在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜； 3） The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. 北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。 The Irish are charm and vivacity. 愛爾蘭人充滿魅力，生性活潑。 : 移民： About three million have e to Britain to live and find work since World War II. 自從二戰(zhàn)以來約有三百萬人來英國生活、工作。 II. Roman Britain (55BC410AD) 羅馬人統(tǒng)治時期的英國（公元前 55 年 — 410年） recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. 有記錄的英國歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階段的屬民來對待。 The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest. (簡要：這是第二章 “ 國家的起源 ” 的第二部分。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。 3． The Early AngloSaxons make the contributions to the English state. 早期盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元 867 年時的基督教中心。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。 The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the bestknown event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was pletely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and merce were extended. NormanFrench culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066 年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。39。 2. King Henry II and his reforms 亨利二世國王和他的改革 The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy. 亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。39。他堅持被控犯有刑事罪的神職人員應(yīng)由國王法庭審判，而不由主教法庭審判。 origins of the English Parliament 英國議會的起源 The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each