【正文】 Journal of experimental biology(MAR 2008 ):989999Shoaling and schooling In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are said to be shoaling (pronounced /??o?l??/), and if, in addition, the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are said to be schooling (pronounced /?sku?l??/).[1] In mon usage, the terms are sometimes used rather loosely.[1] About one quarter of fishes shoal all their lives, and about one half of fishes shoal for part of their lives.[2]Fish derive many benefits from shoaling behaviour including defence against predators (through better predator detection and by diluting the chance of individual capture), enhanced foraging success, and higher success in finding a mate. It is also likely that fish benefit from shoal membership through increased hydrodynamic efficiency.Fish use many traits to choose shoalmates. Generally they prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognized).The oddity effect posits that any shoal member that stands out in appearance will be preferentially targeted by predators. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals that resemble themselves. The oddity effect would thus tend to homogenize shoals.A band A帶A chromosome A染色體[二倍體染色體組中的正常染色體（不同于B染色體）]A site[核糖體]A部位ABA脫落酸abasic site脫堿基位點，無堿基位點abaxial遠軸的abequose阿比可糖，beta脫氧巖藻糖aberrant splicing異常剪接aberration象差；畸變；失常abiogenesis自然發(fā)生論，無生源論ablastin抑殖素（抑制微生物細胞分裂或生殖的一種抗體）abnormal distrbution非正態(tài)分布abnormality異常，失常；畸形，畸變ABO blood group systemABO血型系統(tǒng)aboriginal mouse原生鼠abortin流產(chǎn)素abortion流產(chǎn)，敗育abortive egg敗育卵abortive infection流產(chǎn)（性）感染abortive transduction流產(chǎn)（性）轉導ABP肌動蛋白結合蛋白abrin相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid脫落酸abscission脫落absolute絕對的absolute configuration絕對構型absolute counting絕對測量absolute deviation絕對偏差absolute error絕對誤差absorbance吸收，吸光度absorbed dose吸收劑量absorbent吸收劑absorptiometer吸光計absorptiometry吸光測定法absorption吸收absorption band吸收譜帶absorption cell吸收池absorption coefficient吸收系數(shù)absorption spectroscopy吸收光譜法absorption spectrum吸收光譜；吸收譜absorptive endocytosis吸收（型）胞吞（作用）absorptive pinocytosis吸收（型）胞飲（作用）absorptivity吸光系數(shù)；吸收性abundance豐度abundant豐富的，高豐度的abundant mRNAs高豐度mRNAabzyme抗體酶acaricidin殺螨劑accedent variation偶然變異accelerated flow method加速流動法accepting arm[tRNA的]接納臂acceptor接納體，（接）受體acceptor site接納位點，接受位點acceptor splicing site剪接受體acceptor stem[tRNA的]接納莖accessible可及的accessible promoter可及啟動子accessible surface可及表面accessory零件，附件；輔助的accessory cell佐細胞accessory chromosome副染色體accessory factor輔助因子accessory nucleus副核accessory pigment輔助色素accessory protein輔助蛋白（質）acmodation順應accumulation積累，累積accuracy準確度acenaphthene二氫苊acene并苯acentric無著絲粒的acentric fragment無著絲粒斷片acentric ring無著絲粒環(huán)acetal縮醛acetaldehyde乙醛acetalresin縮醛樹脂acetamidase乙酰胺酶acetamide乙酰胺acetate乙酸鹽acetic acid乙酸，醋酸acetic acid bacteria乙酸菌，醋酸菌acetic anhydride乙酸酐acetification乙酸化作用，醋化作用acetin乙酸甘油酯，三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid乙酰乙酸Acetobacter醋桿菌屬acetogen產(chǎn)乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria產(chǎn)乙酸菌acetome body酮體acetomepowder丙酮制粉[在30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白質勻漿物]acetomitrile乙腈acetone丙酮acetyl乙?；鵤cetyl coenzyme A乙酰輔酶Aacetylcholine乙酰膽堿acetylcholine agonist乙酰膽堿拮抗劑acetylcholine receptor乙酰膽堿受體acetylcholinesterase乙酰膽堿酯酶acetylene乙炔acetylene reductiontest乙炔還原試驗[檢查生物體的固氮能力]acetylglucosaminidase乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetyl glutamate synthesize乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate乙酰水楊酸；乙酰水楊酸鹽、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid乙酰水楊酸acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素Ache乙酰膽堿酯酶choral非手性的acholeplasma無膽甾原體AchR乙酰膽堿受體achromatic消色的；消色差的achromatic color無色achromatic lens消色差透鏡achromatin非染色質acid catalysis酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor酸性成纖維細胞生長因子acid fuchsin酸性品紅acid glycoprotein酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein酸水解酪蛋白acid medium酸性培養(yǎng)基acid mucopolysaccharide酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase酸性磷酸酶acid protease酸性蛋白酶acid solvent酸性溶劑acidic酸性的acidic amino acid酸性氨基酸acidic protein酸性蛋白質[有時特指非組蛋白]acidic transactivator酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator酸性轉錄激活蛋白acidification酸化（作用）acidifying酸化（作用）acidolysis酸解acidophilia嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilous milk酸奶aclacinomycin阿克拉霉素acoelomata無體腔動物aitic acid烏頭酸aconitase順烏頭酸酶aconitate烏頭酸；烏頭酸鹽、酯、根aconitine烏頭堿aconitum alkaloid烏頭屬生物堿ACP?；d體蛋白acquired character獲得性狀acquired immunity獲得性免疫acridine吖啶acridine alkaloid吖啶（類）生物堿acridine dye吖啶燃料acridine orange吖啶橙acridine yellow吖啶黃acriflavine吖啶黃素acroblast原頂體acrocentric chromosome近端著絲染色體acrolein丙烯醛acrolein polymer丙烯醛類聚合物acrolein resin丙烯醛樹脂acropetal translocation向頂運輸acrosin頂體蛋白acrosomal protease頂體蛋白酶acrosomal reaction頂體反應acrosome頂體acrosome reaction頂體反應acrosomic granule原頂體acrosyndesis端部聯(lián)會acrylamide丙烯酰胺acrylate丙烯酸酯、鹽acrylic acid丙烯酸acrylic polymer丙烯酸（酯）類聚合物acrylic resin丙烯酸（酯）類樹脂acrylketone丙烯酮acrylonitrile丙烯腈actidione放線（菌）酮[即環(huán)己酰亞胺]actin肌動蛋白actin filament肌動蛋白絲actinin輔肌動蛋白[分為alfa、beta兩種，beta蛋白即加帽蛋白]actinmicrofilament肌動蛋白微絲actinometer化學光度計actinomorphy輻射對稱[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes放線菌actinomycin D放線菌素Dactinospectacin放線壯觀素，壯觀霉素，奇霉素action作用action current動作電流action potential動作電位action spectrum動作光譜activated sludge活性污泥activated support活化支持體activating group活化基團activating transcription factor轉錄激活因子activation激活；活化activation analysis活化分析activation energy活化能activator激活物，激活劑，激活蛋白activator protein激活蛋白active absorption主動吸收active biomass活生物質active carbon活性碳active center活性中心active chromatin活性染色質active dry yeast活性干酵母active dydrogen pounds活性氫化合物active ester of amino acid氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen活性氫active immunity主動免疫active oxygen活性氧active site活性部位，活性中心active transport主動轉運active uptake主動吸收activin活化素[由垂體合成并由睪丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]activity活性，活度，（放射性）活度actomyosin肌動球蛋白actophorin載肌動蛋白[一種肌動蛋白結合蛋白]acute急性的acute infection急性感染acute phase急性期acute phase protein急性期蛋白，急相蛋白acute phasere