【正文】 (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment。但倫敦警察署直接與內(nèi)政大臣管轄。治安法庭也審理某些有限類型的民事案件?？しㄍブ饕敲袷路ㄍ?。為審理刑事案，英格蘭和威爾士被分為六個巡回區(qū)，每個巡回區(qū)又分區(qū)域，每個區(qū)域有一個或多個高級法庭和皇家刑事法庭。 verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.“無罪”裁決意味著被告無罪，并且永遠(yuǎn)不得再以此罪名對其指控。 2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not pelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury posed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.在英國，所有的刑事審判都在法院公開進(jìn)行。第八章 Justice and the law法律與司法機(jī)構(gòu) There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature mon to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no plete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes。 Department and the Civil Service政府各部和公務(wù)員部 1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense…主要的政府部門包括:財(cái)務(wù)部，內(nèi)務(wù)部，外交部，國防部等。 Cabinet and Ministry 內(nèi)閣和內(nèi)閣部長 1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.首相主持內(nèi)閣，負(fù)責(zé)分配大臣們的職能，在定期會見女王時向女王報(bào)告政府事務(wù)。 House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.下議院（平民院）由成人普選產(chǎn)生，由651名議員組成。議會由君主，上議院和下議院組成?！? Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the manderinchief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.女王是國家的象征。今天英國的石油不僅能自給自足，還有盈余供出口。s government to improve the economyMrs. Thatcher39。 The Economy 英國經(jīng)濟(jì) I. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods:二戰(zhàn)后英國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展可分為三個階段:(1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.（1）戰(zhàn)后5060年代平穩(wěn)發(fā)展時期。The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid19th century and bee the Liberal Party.輝格黨人是指那些反對絕對王權(quán)，支持新教徒宗教自由權(quán)利的人。 降雨量: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過1000毫米。Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點(diǎn)，海拔1,085米。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔1,343米。首府:貝爾法斯特。(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。政治紀(jì)律是根本的紀(jì)律。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部只有嚴(yán)于律己，公正嚴(yán)明，職工群眾才能相信組織，好的黨風(fēng)、政風(fēng)、行風(fēng)才能樹起來。 name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名稱:大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。首府:愛丁堡。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。環(huán)繞四周的海水。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Part