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(1+)=61%60% 肯定診斷? ERCP? 何時繼續(xù)試驗?何時治療?治療方法選擇? 無 AOC、無 dilated CBD on US、 TB正常, ALP升高時, CBDS的可能性有多大? 驗前概率 =15% 驗前比 =247。 (1+)=61%≥60% 肯定診斷?治療性 ERCP? 何時繼續(xù)試驗?何時治療?治療方法選擇? 無 AOC、無 dilated CBD on US, TB升高, ALP正常時, CBDS的可能性有多大? 驗前概率 =15% 驗前比 =247。 ③ 兼顧 LapChole術(shù)前和術(shù)中診療率、盡量提高術(shù)前診療率; ④考慮 MRCP費(fèi)用、合理利用資源,控制陰性 MRCP率、合理使用MRCP; ⑤考慮 ERCP的不適和并發(fā)癥,盡量減少陰性 ERCP。 (1+)=66% 診斷閾值 =1/8247。 治療原則 : 選用好處多于壞處的治療方案。在臨床實踐中得粗略原則: LR+ or LR > 10 < 使驗前概率到驗后概率發(fā)生決定性變化,基本可確定 or排出診斷 510 中等度變化 25 較小程度變化 12 基本不變化 根據(jù)試驗前病人的患病率(驗前概率)和某項試驗的 LR,可以按Bayes條件概率公式得出驗后概率,但須換成比數(shù)( odds)來計算、然后再轉(zhuǎn)換為概率: 驗前比 =驗前概率 /(1驗前概率 ) 驗后比 =驗前比 LR 驗后概率 =驗后比 /( 1+驗后比) GBS+ CBDS可能性的評估及存在的問題 GBS+ CBDS可能性的評估及存在的問題 10%20%的 symptomatic GBS繼發(fā) CBDS。 ? Clinical ranges of Sen and Spe: both> 50% 250 ? PV問題 PV+ = 〔 pre sen〕247?!? pre sen+ (1- spe) ( 1- pre ) 〕 陰性預(yù)測值 PV- =d/(c+d) PV- = 〔 spe ( 1- pre ) 〕 247。 ALP/GGT升高 < 2倍 ); ALP and/or GGT升高 (> or< 2倍 ) ; CBD直徑 810mm on US (177。 ) CBD擴(kuò)張 ; 血 AMS> 正常的 3倍 ;(177。 initial presentation of poorly localized upper abdominal pain, with resolution during observation。 (177。 ) CBD dilatation。 112 以 ERCP為先導(dǎo) Table 1. CRITERIA FOR PATIENT DIAGNOSIS Biliary colic Cholelithiasis。 noisy ? Contraindicated if metal implants/foreign bodies ? Diagnostic onlynot therapeutic ERCP ? Considered gold standard for preoperative imaging CBD ? Both diagnostic and therapeutic Natural history (Tranter, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2022) ? Difficult to predict ? Prospective study, 1000 cases of symptomatic gallstones, 73% had features suggestive of CBD stones, but had no CBD stones at OT and considered to have passed the stone spontaneously ? Cases with cholangitis or jaundice were less likely to pass spontaneously Primary (mon) bile duct stones ? Usually due to ampullary stenosis, diverticula or impaired bile duct motility ? Often require choledochojejunostomy (subject to circumstances and patient age) ? Management with choledochotomy amp。 釋放更加 。 10h 判斷肝實質(zhì)損害的酶 70%90%可輕中度升高 膽道排出減少(極次要清除途徑);繼發(fā)性的肝細(xì)胞損害(如ACST) AST 心>肝 7000倍 20%肝細(xì)胞漿/游離、 80%線粒體 總 AST 17177。 Moderate dilatation of the mon biliary duct (810mm) 9 9 9 Group 1 (low probability) Normal hepatic tests。 ③ cystic duct tube depresion CBD depression ? Controversy over Ttube, antegrade stents, cystic duct stents or no drainage ? If any doubts about free postoperative drainage of bile through ampulla, then depress ? Most likely to need depression if stone was impacted, extensive ampullary monipulation or cholangitis ? Subhepatic drainage essential Reasons to consider conversion to open choledochotomy ? Unsuccessful transcystic CBD exploration ? Unsuccessful laparoscopic CBD exploration ? Multiple CBD stones (10) ? Large CBD stones ? Intrahepatic or proximal duct stones ? Impacted stones ? Failed or unavailable ERCP Open choledochotomy ? Successful exploration involves an adequately sized choledochotomy to facilitate removal of stones and choledochoscopy ? Introduction of choledochoscopy (197080s) led to a decline in retained stones from 10% to % ? Choledochoscopy allows visualisation of several generations of upper ducts (when dilated) and the ampulla Ttube ? CBD depression ? Allows access to biliary tree for postoperative cholangiography and reexploration without the need for reoperation Ttube plications ? Fluid and electrolyte disturbances ? Bile leak around Ttube ? Bile leak after removal 1%19% ? Silicon coated latex tubes cause less fibrotic response than red rubber tubes, need to stay in longer (46weeks) to avoid biliary peritonitis on removal ? Advocated for plicated cases such as cholangitis, pancreatitis or difficult exploration ? In the absence of these factors primary closure has been shown to be as safe as Ttube drainage in several randomised trials (De Roover et al, Acta Chir Belg, 1989。 normal serum amylase value Acute and/or chronic cholecystitis Cholelithiasis。 (177。 dilatation of CBD。 234(1): 3340 表 膽囊結(jié)石及其并發(fā)癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 膽絞痛 膽囊結(jié)石 ; 餐后陣發(fā)性腹痛 ; 無膽囊區(qū)壓痛 ; 無 CBD擴(kuò)張 ; 肝功正常 ; 血 AMS正常 急性膽囊炎 or 慢性膽囊炎急性發(fā)作 膽囊結(jié)石 ; 腹痛持續(xù) > 8 hrs并 膽囊區(qū)壓痛 ; (177。 234(1): 3340 Liu TH, et al. Patient evaluation and management with selective use of MRCP and ERCP before LC. Ann Surg 2022。 ⑤ equipment availability。 sen和 spe是兩個屬性完全不同的指標(biāo),理想的是兩者都非常高,但實際情況是不可兼得、兩者相互制約: ①目的是是篩查、初步診斷和排出診斷,強(qiáng)調(diào)高 sen的試驗; ②因漏診而延誤診斷、會失去最佳治療時機(jī)而造成嚴(yán)重后果,也強(qiáng)調(diào)高 sen的試驗;③目的是確診時應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào) spe;④ 誤診會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),甚至因不當(dāng)診療出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥或毒副作用,也應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào) spe。 〔 b/(b+d)〕 = sen/(1spe) 陰性似然比 LR = 〔 c/(a+c)〕247。 The constellation of indicators : to condense them into a formula is extremely difficult ,even using multivariate analysis。 GBS with suspected CBDS 疾病 治療 (取石 ) 存活 死亡 有 有 98% 2% 有 無 90% 10% 無 無 100% 0% 無 有 99% 1% 治療益處 (B)=8% 治療害處 (H)=1% AT odds=H/B=1/8 AT ratio=1/9=11% 何時繼續(xù)試驗?何時治療?治療方法選擇? 影像檢查診斷 CBDS的評價 (Gastroenterol Res and Prac 2022。 7=1/56 轉(zhuǎn)化為率 =1/57 治療閾值 =1/8247。 ()=15/85 LR= =80 驗后比 =驗前比 LR=15/85 80=14 驗后概率 =14247。 ()=15/85 LR= =20 驗后比 =驗前比 LR=15/85 = 驗后概率 =247。( 15項) CT、 MRCP、 ERCP、 IOC,治療性 ERCP/LCBDE/OCBDE是否取得結(jié)石 設(shè)計診斷性試驗 ? 各分類指標(biāo): sen、 spe、 PV+、 PV、 LR+、 LR 。 ()=15/85 LR= = 驗后比 =驗前比 LR=15/85 = 驗后概率 =247。 ()=15/85 AOC的 LR+==18 驗后比 =驗前比 LR+=15/85 18= 驗后概率 =247。 ()=1/9 LR+==7 LR== 驗后比 =驗前比 LR+=1/9 7=7/9 驗后