【正文】
or by the physical separation of the new anism in asexual forms (many invertebrate animals and many plants). In animals generally, birth is considered to be the beginning of the life span. The timing of birth, however, is so different in various animals that it is only a poor criterion. In many marine invertebrates the hatchling larva consists of relatively few cells, not nearly so far along toward adulthood as a newborn mammal. For even among mammals, variations are considerable. A kangaroo at birth is about an inch long and must develop further in the pouch, hardly parable to a newborn deer, who within minutes is walking about. If life spans of different kinds of anisms are to be pared, it is essential that these variations be accounted for. The end of an anism’s existence results when irreversible changes have occurred to such an extent that the individual no longer actively retains its anization. There is thus a brief period during which it is impossible to say whether the anism is still alive, but this time is so short relative to the total length of life that it creates no great problem in determining life span. Some anisms seem to be potentially immortal. Unless an accident puts an end to life, they appear to be fully capable of surviving indefinitely. This faculty has been attributed to certain fishes and reptiles, which appear to be capable of unlimited growth. Without examining the various causes of death in detail (see death) a distinction can be made between death as a result of internal changes (., aging) and death as a result of some purely external factor, such as an accident. It is notable that the absence of aging processes is correlated with the absence of individuality. In other words, anisms in which the individual is difficult to define, as in colonial forms, appear not to age. Peter W. Frank Plants Plants grow old as surely as do animals。無(wú)論物質(zhì)文明建設(shè)還是精神文明建設(shè),最終都是為了提高人的價(jià)值,實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展和徹底解放?;实刍驀?guó)王的權(quán)力最大,門(mén)第最高,處于人的價(jià)值的頂點(diǎn)。那些有點(diǎn)能力便自恃清高的人是不會(huì)受到社會(huì)尊重的。工人的價(jià)值在于他制造的機(jī)器,農(nóng)民的價(jià)值在于他生產(chǎn)的糧食,知識(shí)分子的價(jià)值在于他創(chuàng)造的精神產(chǎn)品。舊哲學(xué)和現(xiàn)代西方哲學(xué)關(guān)于人的價(jià)值理論的錯(cuò)誤,在于它們不是用勞動(dòng)而是用出身門(mén)第的高低和金錢(qián)的多少確定人的價(jià)值。生命是人的存在及其活動(dòng)的前提。因此形成了個(gè)人的社會(huì)價(jià)值(個(gè)人對(duì)他人、群體、社會(huì)的價(jià)值)和個(gè)人的自我價(jià)值(個(gè)人對(duì)自己的價(jià)值)。人是價(jià)值的創(chuàng)造者,一切價(jià)值都是人創(chuàng)造的。在社會(huì)主義社會(huì),商品生產(chǎn)有計(jì)劃按比例進(jìn)行,價(jià)值規(guī)律仍在一定程度上調(diào)節(jié)生產(chǎn)和流通。相反,如果商品供不應(yīng)求,價(jià)格就高于價(jià)值。價(jià)值規(guī)律又稱價(jià)值法則,是商品生產(chǎn)和商品交換的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律。商品是用來(lái)交換的勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)品,互相交換的各種商品之間必然有一個(gè)可以比較的共同基礎(chǔ)。因此,可以對(duì)能量做出全新的哲學(xué)定義。價(jià)值現(xiàn)象伴隨著人類(lèi)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展,而要全面而深刻地了解價(jià)值,消除價(jià)值理論界存在的諸多爭(zhēng)議,就必須了解價(jià)值的起源。 廣義有序化能量:有序化實(shí)能Q s 與有序化虛能Q x 之代數(shù)和,稱為廣義有序化能量,用Q g 來(lái)表示,即 Q g=Q s+Q x 上述的廣義有序化能量的概念完全建立在自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)之上,其內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)與建立在社會(huì)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上的價(jià)值的內(nèi)涵基本相同,由此從物理學(xué)角度對(duì) “價(jià)值 ”進(jìn)行如下定義。 耗散結(jié)構(gòu)論認(rèn)為,負(fù)熵是維持和發(fā)展耗散結(jié)構(gòu)有序化過(guò)程的 “動(dòng)力源 ”,只有不斷地向系統(tǒng)內(nèi)輸入負(fù)熵流,才能抵消其內(nèi)部所產(chǎn)生的熵增,阻止系統(tǒng)向無(wú)序化方向的變化,以維持和發(fā)展系統(tǒng)的有序化運(yùn)動(dòng)。 事實(shí)上,價(jià)值既有其客觀的存在形式,又有其主觀的反映形式。這種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為價(jià)值是主體根據(jù)自己的需要自覺(jué)地、有意識(shí)地賦予客體的屬性,它反映了主體對(duì)客體的態(tài)度。文德?tīng)柊喟褍r(jià)值當(dāng)作是一種聯(lián)系和關(guān)系,并認(rèn)為是諸事 物之間的聯(lián)系和關(guān)系,而不是專(zhuān)指人類(lèi)與客觀世界的聯(lián)系和關(guān)系,即任何有聯(lián)系的事物之間都可能存在價(jià)值,這樣,價(jià)值就成了聯(lián)系和關(guān)系的代名詞,從而混淆了主體與客體的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。這種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,價(jià)值是抽象的信念、理想、規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、關(guān)系、傾向、愛(ài)好、選擇等等,它看不見(jiàn)、摸不著,但是卻時(shí)時(shí)、處處起作用,指導(dǎo)人的思想, 支配人的行動(dòng),評(píng)價(jià)某一事物就是來(lái)源于并反映了抽象的理想價(jià)值。 價(jià)值的本質(zhì) 關(guān)于價(jià)值的本質(zhì),存在多種觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)應(yīng)于不同的哲學(xué)派別有著不同的觀點(diǎn),目前在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上存在著兩個(gè)典型的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn): 價(jià)值是伴隨著人類(lèi)的出現(xiàn)而出現(xiàn),是由人類(lèi)的主觀意識(shí)來(lái)定義的。 價(jià)值最初來(lái)源于特殊的物質(zhì)系統(tǒng) ——耗散結(jié)構(gòu)的有序化運(yùn)動(dòng), “有序化能量 ”是最原始意義上的 “價(jià)值 ”。情感是通過(guò)我們的感覺(jué)釋放的,它幫助我們感知世界和