【正文】
the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (Pub. L. 99514, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085). Commerce Clearing House, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the Internal Revenue Code in the early 1990s that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. Changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. The flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. After the United States entered world war i, the War Revenue Act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate for individuals of 67 percent, pared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. In 1924 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, speaking to Congress about the high level of taxation, stated, The present system is a failure. It was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a permanent part of our revenue structure…. The high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable ine, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and seriously impede the development of productive business…. Ways will always be found to avoid taxes so destructive in their nature, and the only way to save the situation is to put the taxes on a reasonable basis that will permit business to go on and industry to develop. Consequently, the Revenue Act of 1924 reduced the maximum individual tax rate to 43 percent (Revenue Acts, June 2, 1924, ch. 234, 43 Stat. 253). In 1926 the rate was further reduced to 25 percent. The Revenue Act of 1932 was the first tax law passed during the Great Depression (Revenue Acts, June 6, 1932, ch. 209, 47 Stat. 169). It increased the individual maximum rate from 25 to 63 percent, and reduced personal exemptions from $1,500 to $1,000 for single persons, and from $3,500 to $2,500 for married couples. The national industrial recovery act of 1933 (NIRA), part of President franklin d. roosevelt39。廣州市汽車限牌政策的合理件分析 [J]經(jīng)濟研究導刊, 2021, (24) [5]馮蘇葦、馬祖琦、余凱。限牌限行是大城市在發(fā)展中的特定階段所采取的特殊措施,也是政府治堵治污所采用的有效方法之一,雖然對 地方經(jīng)濟會產(chǎn)生一定的影響,但是如果政府在實施和推進的過程中采取一些有效的對策,就能夠從管理上、技術上把由于限牌而對地方經(jīng)濟的不利影響降低到最低限度。要讓杭州老舊汽車加快更換,前提是老舊車要有出路,一臺評估價值十幾萬的二手車,如果沒有出路,一般不會提前更新。這意味著汽車的銷售潛力、服務空間也很大。杭州可吸取各地的經(jīng)驗教訓,只要管理部門創(chuàng)新服務,為郊縣人民著想,為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展著想,推出一部分非主城區(qū)專用號牌或郊縣專用號牌,限其在一定區(qū)域內行駛,應該是擴大 汽車銷量 ,緩解地方經(jīng)濟影響、滿足公民需求的有效措施。據(jù)浙江解瑪汽車品牌策略中心對杭州市所屬 3 個郊縣購車需求量的抽樣調查,這三個縣市目前每百人汽車保有量為 9 臺(主城區(qū)每百人超過 30 臺);三年內 有意向購車的人數(shù)為 %,以此推算,杭州郊區(qū)未來 3 年可望有 73 萬臺車的購買力要釋放出來。筆者認為應該有計劃地推 出或延緩 汽車 限購政策的出臺,從而達到盡量減少或延緩因汽車限購對地方經(jīng)濟的影響。而杭州的相關文件中增加了治理環(huán)境污染的條文,把《浙江省城市交通管理若干規(guī)定(草案)》第十七條加以引用:城市人民政府及其有關部門為了保障城市交通暢通,根據(jù)城市交通狀況和建設預期等因素,可以根據(jù)權限對小汽車等車輛采取限行、限停、提高停車收費、新增牌照額度控制等具體措施。隨著效仿城市的不斷增加,其減員的數(shù)量也越來越多,其就業(yè)的壓力是可想而知的。到目前為止,二線城市推出限購政策的還不多,對全國經(jīng)濟的影響不會太大。 對地方稅收貢獻的影響 由于汽車銷量減少達 40%左右,如果不考慮車輛單價因素,顯然各大 汽車經(jīng)銷商 所繳納的稅收也會相應減少 40%左右。市發(fā)展改革、建委、公安、財政(地稅)、司法、國稅、人力社保、環(huán)保、貿易、工商、質監(jiān)等相關政府部門和區(qū)(縣、市)人民政府按照規(guī)定的職責分工,做好相關管理工作。其他指標是指符合本暫行規(guī)定條件的單位和個人,按規(guī)定直接申領的指標。 與此相似的是印度尼西亞的巴厘島,旅游勝地巴厘島車的牌也分作黑牌子的私家車,黃牌子的公共交通車輛(含出租車)、紅牌子的政府車。 10 年期滿后,駕車者無論繼續(xù)用車還是另購新車,都必須支付另外一筆費用。由此看來,原來主要是一線城市限購,現(xiàn)在二線城市也不斷加入,汽車限購已成為一種趨勢。 關鍵詞: 限牌政策 ; 交通擁堵 ; 汽車發(fā)展 英文摘要 III ABSTRACT Paper by studying the automobile brand limited analysis of the background, the study of domestic and foreign automobile brand development present situation, through the study of the production of automobile limited card system background, the limit of its influence on the development of the automobile brand and limit card system improvement measures are put forward for argument. This paper studies the limit of its influence on the development of the automobile, from the following four aspects: the influence on local auto sales industry. The influence of contribution to the local tax revenue。 畢業(yè)設計(論文) 設計(論文)題目: 限牌對汽車發(fā)展的影響研究 學 院 名 稱: 自考學院 專 業(yè): 汽營 與售后服務 班 級 : 姓 名: 指 導 教 師: 定稿日期: 2021 年 10 月 17 日 中文摘要 II 摘 要 論文通過研究汽車限牌的背景,分析研究國內外汽車限牌的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,通過研究汽車限牌制度的產(chǎn)生背景、限牌對汽車發(fā)展的影響 和提出限牌制度的改進措施來論證。 The impact on the local automotive industry and related industries。如此蔓延,限購政策對汽車工業(yè)、汽車流通以及與汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)相關的其他產(chǎn)業(yè)將會帶來什么樣的變化,對地方經(jīng)濟、對勞動力就業(yè)等又會產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響?是中央和地方各級政府及有關管理 部門值得研究和思考的問題。此舉一大好處就是為擁車證設置了出口,可以讓有限的號牌資源(背后需要道路基礎設施資源支撐)為更多人享有,而不是一牌定終身。如果國內的大城市(如北京等)能做此標色分類,將公車使用置于群眾監(jiān)督之下,相信婚喪嫁娶、娛樂休閑特別是高峰