【正文】 通過 減少產品和模具之間的摩擦 ， 該工具 的使用壽命可明顯延長。 鍛件發(fā)展 的一個重要精確度是產品的質量必須和原來的設計質量相同， 這可以應用 有限元仿真技術 在開發(fā)過程中被驗證的。這是 壓力路徑的偏差原因 。 對于上述研究項目 ， 常規(guī)鍛造連桿 需要適應 精密鍛造生產過程。自動化流程 的 重復性 更加 好，故障少， 對人體無害 ,特別是精密鍛造 。 因此 ， 從原材料 開始， 齒輪只需要一個 步驟就可以 完全形成 。基本上， 這些階段可以分成兩大類。 將 一個產品的高品質目標 與高層次的傳輸性能 結合起來，這需要 先進的信息和制造 一體化 技術 。 C2 為了滿足客戶的要求， 在 產品質量 ， 后勤的性能，靈活性和可靠性 方面， 鍛造業(yè)正面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn) 。 生產精密鍛件 ， 除了靈活 的系統(tǒng) 和自動化 的 鍛造生產線 ，還需要一個 適應于先進制造系統(tǒng)個性化需求 的 高性能生產管理系統(tǒng) 。sseldorf, 1999.S. Reinsch et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 138 (2020) 16–21 21 C1 附件 C：譯文 鍛件的先進制造系統(tǒng) Steffen Reinsch, Bernd Mu168。 Flexible forging line。 Integrated production management1. IntroductionIn the last decade supply chains and supplier panieshave gained a growing significance for the German industry.Especially in the German automobile industry, large panies such as Volkswagen, MercedesBenz, BMW, Audietc. reduced their scope of inhouse manufacturing drastically and started to rely increasingly on external supplychains. In particular forging products which are the basis formany key ponents in the automotive industry such asdifferent types of shafts, connecting rods, gear wheels orstubaxles and so on are affected by that development. As oftoday 80% of these parts are bought from external suppliers,whereas many of them are mediumsized enterprises with200–1500 employees.To meet the requirements of the customer, the forgingindustry is facing new challenges regarding product quality,logistical performance, flexibility and reliability. The resulting problems are well known in the German forging industrywhich is the largest in Europe and which had to adapt tothose challenges [1].Not only the need for a high product quality, but for asteadily increasing precision of the products is gainingimportance in the forging industry. Hence forging paniesare urged to implement advanced forging processes, likeprecision forging for example. Compared with traditionalprocesses, precision forging requires a higher accuracy and asignificantly improved process monitoring and control.Moreover, the tools needed for precision forging and theprocess conditions have to be monitored carefully because ofthe stricter product tolerances that need to be achieved. Thusa couple of process parameters, like forces, temperature,product type, processtimes need to be monitored. Thus thedata can be used in an integrated production managementsystem for improving the logistical performance concerningscrap rates, leadtimes, workinprocess, etc. as well.The goal of a high product quality bined with ahighlevel delivery performance demands the integrationof advanced information and manufacturing technologies.Besides a flexible and automated forging line for the production of precision forging parts, a highperformanceproduction management system is required, that enablesan improved tool management which is directly linked tothe production management and vice versa (Fig. 1). Thisresults in specific requirements for a tailored productionJournal of Materials Processing Technology 138 (2020) 16–21*Corresponding author.Email address: (S. Reinsch).09240136/03/$ – see front matter 2020 Elsevier Science . All rights reserved.doi:(03)000335management system, which can help to improve the performance of the advanced manufacturing system.Besides the changed requirements on the productionmanagement which were mentioned above, precision forging technology urges modified constraints on productdevelopment. Not only the functional specifications needto be considered for the product development, but thespecifics of precision forging as well, which in many casesforces the adoption of the product design.In a joint BMBF founded project these objectives areaddressed by including product design, organizational andinformation technology aspects in the layout and operationof an advanced forging system which will be achieved byseveral balanced actions described in this paper. Beforeactually describing the efforts of the project, we shortlydescribe precision forging and its modified requirements onthe process design and production control.2. Precision forgingThe majority of forging processes is performed in severalstages to reach the requested final geometry. Basically thosestages can be split up into two main categories. The firstcategory is in general a preforming processes for distributingthe mass of the raw material, followed by the actual forgingprocesses operated on a press or hammer. The preforming ismainly done on a rolling machine.Besides the preforming step, in most cases precisionforging is performed in a single step. However for precisionforging of long flat parts like connecting rods, monlytwo steps are necessary. First an upsetting operation isperformed to flatten the part followed by the final precisionforging operation. The purpose of the upsetting is to reducethe material deformation in the final forging step and todecrease the friction which consequently minimizes thewear of the tool. Gear wheels for example can even beforged in one step without previous preforming the rawmaterial. Therefore gear wheels need only