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外文翻譯-機(jī)床實(shí)踐-其他專業(yè)-免費(fèi)閱讀

  

【正文】 隨著它的不斷發(fā)展成熟,使在高級(jí)的 CNC 系統(tǒng)上可安上人工智能。事實(shí)上它的利用水平很低,機(jī)床刀具昂貴會(huì)導(dǎo)致加工頻繁時(shí)的“頸瓶”現(xiàn)象,于是進(jìn)一步限制了整個(gè)操作。 加工中心的概念是早期工作的結(jié)果,它允許機(jī)床在一個(gè)安裝上對(duì)工件進(jìn)行多種加工,而不需要把工件轉(zhuǎn)移到另外的刀具下。在航空所需要的復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的同時(shí),點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)控制器發(fā)展起來(lái),更廣泛的用于加工當(dāng)中。麻省理工大學(xué)開始進(jìn)入研究,而 Parsons 公司使之發(fā)展起來(lái)。使用鋒利的切削刀具時(shí),檢查切削刀具是否正確和安全的安裝。另外,使用SHOWPATH 功能可以顯示每個(gè)刀具的路徑和他們的順序。這個(gè)計(jì)劃加工時(shí)間可通過 改變安裝后達(dá)到更智能的移動(dòng)速度或創(chuàng)造一種更有效的刀具軌跡來(lái)調(diào)整。 當(dāng)?shù)毒呗窂郊捌漤樞蚨ê煤?,機(jī)床的代碼應(yīng)被做好。 有時(shí), CAM 的程序順序和實(shí)際加工的順序是各不相同的。這描述了一個(gè)所設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)床操作的生動(dòng)模型。在這一點(diǎn)上我們觀察一些廣泛的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)掌握的規(guī)格。例如: Kennametal’ s 被設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)幫助不同的使用其車間的工廠選擇最佳的機(jī)床;“ TOOCPRO”的另一個(gè)很重要的特征是為每個(gè)機(jī)床選擇馬力需求等等這些就允許設(shè)計(jì)者選擇一個(gè)結(jié)合了切削速度、進(jìn)給率和切削深度等因素的機(jī)床。對(duì)程序員要求的另一個(gè)最重要領(lǐng)域是制造過程的知識(shí)。為了在有著不同控制器(如 FAWC、 OKUMA、或 DYNAPATH)生產(chǎn)一個(gè)可互換的零件,將需要完全不同的 CNC 代碼 。在傳統(tǒng)制造中,為了增加效率,通常一大批零件被同時(shí)加工。 在 CNC 機(jī)床之前,復(fù)雜形狀的加工是極困難的。兩軸的加工機(jī)床,其特點(diǎn)是低轉(zhuǎn)速、高馬力軸有高進(jìn)給率,高轉(zhuǎn)速軸允許高效的高速切削刀具如鉆石和小直徑的刀具的使用(如圖 O2)。 在這個(gè)部分我們來(lái)看數(shù)控機(jī)床切削使用的工具。s positionafter drilling the hole, anther rapid move takes place to the next hole39。 tooling engineers. Help in tool selection or optimum tool working conditions can also be obtained from tool manufacturer software. Examples would be Kennametal39。附錄 2 外文翻譯(外文部分) ADVANCED MACHINING PROCESSES As the hardware of an advanced technology bees more plex, new and visionary approaches to the processing of materials into useful products e into mon use. This has been the trend in machining processes in recent years.. Advanced methods of machine control as well as pletely different methods of shaping materials have permitted the mechanical designer to proceed in directions that would have been totally impossible only a few years ago. Parallel development in other technologies such as electronics and puters have made available to the machine tool designer methods and processes that can permit a machine tool to far exceed the capabilities of the most experienced machinist. In this section we will look at CNC machining using chipmaking cutting tools. CNC controllers are used to drive and control a great variety of machines and mechanisms, Some examples would be routers in wood working。s TOOLPRO, software designed to help select the best tool grade, speed, and feed rates for different work materials in turning application. Another very important feature of TOOLPRO is the display of the horsepower requirement for each machining selection. This allow the programmer to select a bination of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut that equals the machine39。s positionafter retraction of the drill. Of course, the rapid motion of the slideways could be achieved by each axis in a sequential and independent manner, or simultaneously. If a separate control was utilisec for each axis, the former method of table travel was less essential to avoid any backlash in the system to obtain the required degree of positional accuracy and so it was necessary that the approach direction to the next point was always the same. The earliest examples of these cheaper pointtopoint machines usually did not use recalculating ball screws。 CNC 控制器能被用來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制多種機(jī)床和機(jī)構(gòu)。 它的切削刀具是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的刀具如磨床的刀具、鉆子、鉆探工具或車刀,這些刀具依賴于所使用的機(jī)床型號(hào)。 CNC 使這些形狀的加工制造在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是可行的。有了 CNC 即 使一件也能夠被經(jīng)濟(jì)地加工。每個(gè)制造商在不斷地提高和更新其 CNC 控制。舉例如選擇最佳的切削工具來(lái)完成零件圖上所標(biāo)的公差和表面光潔度。這就勝任于粗選中最佳馬力的選擇?,F(xiàn)在我們測(cè)試 CAM 系統(tǒng)怎樣工作。從已準(zhǔn)備好的 JOBPLAN 中選好機(jī)床后,切削加工的參數(shù)就被編入。某部件的孔的加工就是一個(gè)例子。這和詳細(xì)指明加工這個(gè)部件的 CNC 機(jī)床一樣容易。所需的總時(shí)間的確定可用來(lái)估計(jì)生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用。 CAD/CAM 相互影響的方向的不斷探索和發(fā)展將會(huì)改變他們的工作方式。 直到你理解它們的功能和動(dòng)作方可操作這臺(tái)機(jī)床。在 1949— 1951 期間,他們聯(lián)合發(fā)明了一種可適合多種刀具的第一個(gè)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。較簡(jiǎn)單的點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)機(jī)床比復(fù)雜的連續(xù)路徑的同類產(chǎn)品便宜一些,并在用于需要精確定位的加工中。一個(gè)加工中心不同于一個(gè)磨床,相互要在于它能利用轉(zhuǎn)移裝置和分離器自動(dòng)的把切削刀具從刀具庫(kù)中轉(zhuǎn)移到主軸上。 13 世紀(jì) 70 年代初中葉,是機(jī)床刀具控制器變革時(shí)期,這個(gè)時(shí)期, CNC 成為了一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)。這些年來(lái),刀具制作者已經(jīng)制作了多種多樣的刀具可用在 CNC 系統(tǒng)上,其中的一部分在第 3 冊(cè)中將被討論。價(jià)格便宜,性能穩(wěn)定等多種優(yōu)點(diǎn)使得今天的 CNC 安裝在機(jī)床刀具上。靈活制作系統(tǒng)方面嘗試都失敗了,它的主要短處是僅僅一小部分的零件種類可隨時(shí)加工,而更少的工件需要完成于它相同的操作。 19 世紀(jì) 50 年代以來(lái),流件滑動(dòng)在高精度的機(jī)床中常被結(jié)合使用,它在某種程度上 克服了常規(guī)滑軌相關(guān)的問題,然而平均輸出導(dǎo)軌的不精確度對(duì)刀具要求更高并增加了它的控制特性。早期數(shù)控的發(fā)展主要為了航空業(yè),它需要切削加工復(fù)雜的幾何形狀,如機(jī)件部件與渦輪機(jī)葉片。結(jié)論就是致使美國(guó)空軍與 Parsons公司簽約,讓他們找到一種靈活的、有力的制造系統(tǒng),它能擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)。換刀時(shí),保護(hù)工件不受 傷害,同時(shí)保護(hù)你的手不被鋒利的尖角弄傷。但相對(duì)于用一排排程序來(lái)表示外形,現(xiàn)在刀具只用現(xiàn)有的輪廓來(lái)表示即可。這個(gè)時(shí)間是根據(jù)進(jìn)給速度,運(yùn)行的距離,兩點(diǎn)間在最大進(jìn)給時(shí)間速度下無(wú)切削運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間,換刀時(shí)間等等確定的。俯視中正確的刀具軌跡,在正視圖中,切削的深度是不正確的,其變 化顯而易見。當(dāng)?shù)毒哌\(yùn)動(dòng)順序需要改變時(shí),可 用一個(gè)按鍵來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)它。這個(gè)工藝卡由各種記錄(例如:英制或公制,機(jī)床類型、零件卡、切削材料類型、安裝記錄、和所需要機(jī)床的描述 其第二個(gè)編程的步驟是零件的制造。ENGERSOLL 的“精密分析”軟件作為機(jī)床剛度和機(jī)床力的功能來(lái)。刀具選擇或最佳刀具工作條 件的幫助同樣可在刀具制造商的軟件中獲得。機(jī)床主參數(shù)如馬力主軸馬力、最大轉(zhuǎn)速、工作臺(tái)的重量、工 具的尺寸限制、加工變化能力等只是值得考慮的影響程序的因素中的一些。但其間還有眾多的區(qū)別。數(shù)控機(jī)床的另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)是大量存貨的減少,零件可以在需要時(shí)再被加工。這樣高的進(jìn)給率對(duì)在機(jī)床工作區(qū)的任何人構(gòu)成了安全威 脅。 CNC 最大的好處是通過計(jì)算機(jī)控制機(jī)床刀具的運(yùn)動(dòng), CNC控制的機(jī)床可能簡(jiǎn)單得象 2 刀鉆床或復(fù)雜得象 5 刀的加工中心(如圖 O1)。 其他科技如電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的并行發(fā)展,使機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)者有辦法讓機(jī)床具有超過絕大多數(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的機(jī)械師(在普通機(jī)床上)所具有的加工能力。s conclusion was that the metal cutting industry throughout the entire country could not copy with the demands of the American Air Force, let alone the rest of industry! As a direct result of the survey, the US Air Force contracted the Persons Corporation to see if they could develop a flexible, dynamic, manufacturing system which would maximize productivity. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was subcontracted into this research and development by the Parsons Corporation, during the period 19491951,and jointly they developed the first control system which could be adapted to a wide range of machine tools. The Cincinnati Machine Tool Company converted one of their standard 28 inch HydroTel milling machines or a threeaxis automatic milling made use of a servomechanism for the drive system on the axes. This machine made use of a servomechanism for the drive system on the axes, which controlled the table positioning, crossslide and spindle head. The machine cab be classified as the first truly three axis continuous path machine tool and it was able to generate a required shape, or curve, by simultaneous slide way motions, if necessary. At about the same times as these American advances in machine tool control were taking Place, Alfred Herbert Limited in the United Kingdom had their first Mutinous path control system which became available in the next few years in both the US
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