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feasibility, client advice, legal, construction management, site supervision etc) ? land costs ? way leaves and pensation ? demolition and diversion of existing facilities ? new construction or refurbishment costs ? operating costs ? maintenance costs ? disposal costs ? insurance costs ? all other costs relating to the project not listed above. ? All prices need to be discounted to a mon base. ? Example of a cost summary report Financial Control Financial Control is a major contributory factor to business survival. For many managers, exercising effective financial control is, at best, seen as a mystery and, at worst, not even considered. Yet monitoring a small number of important figures can ensure that you retain plete and effective financial control. Objectives This section is intended to help you put in place that financial control: to ensure that you are estimating costs accurately and then keeping them under control。 and, ? to suggest financial indicators for inclusion in your strategic objectives. 1 Achieving Control Good financial results will not arise by happy accident! They will arise by realistic planning and tight control over expenses. Remember that profit is the paratively small difference between two large numbers: sales and costs. A relatively small change in either costs or sales, therefore, has a disproportionate effect on profit. You must watch your costs/prices and margins very carefully at all times since small changes in any of these areas can lead to substantial changes in profit. Control can then be exercised by paring actual performance with budget. To do this, you will need to produce: ? a financial plan, agreed as being achievable by all concerned。 ? the VAT inspectors will need them。 ? you will need to identify areas of possible concern。 ? profit centre staff have more responsibility and control and will agree targets of profitability and absolute levels of profit (eg a division within a larger pany). Control is achieved through monitoring performance as measured by the profit and loss account (Pamp。 ? You record everything sold by the business and that everything is properly invoiced, especially if the person doing the selling is not the person who raises the invoices or chases customers for payment。 著眼于死記硬背和世俗完全沒有用于改善整體財務(wù)表現(xiàn)。 ? 確保適當(dāng)?shù)挠嬎愫头桨高M行了探討,同時使債務(wù) /投資或出租的決定。 和應(yīng)為任何規(guī)模和類型的公司足夠的理由認(rèn)為,大約用持續(xù)改進的過程方法來建立一個財務(wù)內(nèi)部控制制度。和發(fā)布管理的努力將這個項目的其他領(lǐng)域。 報告需要進行調(diào)整,以適應(yīng)每個項目的個別需要,應(yīng)始終將提交給一個有控制的估計現(xiàn)在的位置比較。 建議的內(nèi)容: 應(yīng)從以下幾個方面加以解決的財務(wù)報告(而不是重復(fù)以前的報告中的詳細信息可用,后來的報道可以總結(jié)的重點和交叉參考有關(guān)以前的報告): ? 發(fā)展預(yù)算 ? 原核定的預(yù)算 ? 新的預(yù)算授權(quán)(提供變更理由) ? 目前核定預(yù)算 ? 迄今為止開支 (每對預(yù)算和支出部分應(yīng)針對每個元素的原有基礎(chǔ)估計和風(fēng)險津貼) ? 承諾 ? 同意變化(變化給予的理由) ? 潛在 /預(yù)期索賠或糾紛亟待解決(如果項目進展順利,這方面 要?。? ? 需要完成的承諾 ? 訂單尚未被放置 ? 待變化 ? 未來變化的預(yù)期。 對于許多管理人員,行使有效的財務(wù)控制,充其量被視為是一個謎,在最壞的,甚至沒有考慮。 ? 顯示控制可以通過簡單的文件 。 在任一銷售成本或相對小的變化,因此,有一對利潤不成比例的影響。以及 ? 一些監(jiān)測手段反對這個計劃的表現(xiàn)。 為什么要保留記錄? 需要準(zhǔn)確記錄是一致的,如果你是在對預(yù)算執(zhí)行的有效監(jiān)督。 ? 英國稅務(wù)及海關(guān)將要求他們 。以及 ? 你需要調(diào)查和解釋差異(在您的預(yù)算超支或反對)。 凡企業(yè)通過一系列的產(chǎn)品,但把每一個不同的會計核算中心可以更容易地確定哪些產(chǎn)品是有利可圖的。 有四種適當(dāng)?shù)哪繕?biāo)和可能的控制要求各級財政責(zé)任: ? 收入中心 工作人員只對收入的責(zé)任(如在一家商店營業(yè)部)。 控制是通過監(jiān)控性能由損益表(規(guī)劃及地政)衡量,它們是不能,但是,投資于新設(shè)備,以及, ? 投資中心 工作人員有權(quán)對投資和資產(chǎn)(如附屬公司)使用控股公司雖然通常需要批準(zhǔn)的重大投資。 通常,只有幾個數(shù)字需要加以注意定期以實現(xiàn)有效控制。 一個管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個簡單的設(shè)置,你和你的員工,以確保有關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)的收集,記錄,報告,評價快速有效程序。 ? 您記錄銷售的一切業(yè)務(wù),一切都正確開具發(fā)票,特別是如果做的人賣的不是誰的人提出的 發(fā)票或付款追逐客戶 。 它仍然需要紀(jì)律,以確保數(shù)據(jù)的收集,但在努力將通過您的企業(yè)更好地了解獎勵。