【正文】 ers and their connections. 一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)，要求要評(píng)估不同的框架平面圖，也就是說(shuō)，對(duì)構(gòu)件和它們之間的連接可進(jìn)行不同的布置。 （ 6） If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲勞應(yīng)力 ) bees a problem ,and we must account for its effects. 若果荷載在結(jié)構(gòu)壽命里被多次應(yīng)用并撤除，則疲勞應(yīng)力就會(huì)成為問(wèn)題，我們必須考慮它的影響。 （ 10） Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市 ) will adopt a “model” (典型 )building code and modify it to suit their particular needs. 雖然有些大城市編寫了自己的建筑規(guī)范，但是許多 自治市 仍然采用典型的建筑規(guī)范，即修改建筑規(guī)范以適應(yīng)他們的特殊需求。 Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. （ 4）建筑規(guī)范不規(guī)定設(shè)計(jì)方法，但規(guī)定必須滿足的設(shè)計(jì)要求和強(qiáng)制條件。 (3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料含量越大，收縮越小。 （ 3） 混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收縮量則越大。90%occurs after about 2 years. Unite 5 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） building code 建筑規(guī)范 （ 6） 隨機(jī)變量 random variation （ 2） stochastic analyse 隨機(jī)分析 （ 7） 半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式 semiempirical equation （ 3） multistory building 多層建筑 （ 8） 風(fēng)洞荷載 wind tunnel testing （ 4） codeprescribed data 規(guī)范規(guī)定的數(shù)值 （ 9） 持續(xù)活荷載 sustained live load （ 5） transient live load 瞬時(shí)活荷載 （ 10） 名義值 nominal value Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (. , dead load )or load surveys (. , live load and snow load). 該建筑代碼加載歷來(lái)給出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)（如，恒載）或負(fù)載調(diào)查（如，活荷載和雪荷載）的基礎(chǔ)上確定。 (10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value。 At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the surrounding structures and the landscape(景觀 ). (3) 風(fēng)荷載和雪荷載可根據(jù)模型試驗(yàn)來(lái)確定。 (2) illustrates schematically(按圖說(shuō)明 ) the relationships among the function a structure is to fulfill, the form and material and loading on the structure, the behavior of the structure ,and the analytical model of the structure. 圖 ：結(jié)構(gòu)要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能、形式、材料、結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載、結(jié)構(gòu)的性能以及結(jié)構(gòu)分析模型之間的關(guān)系。 (6)Energy is generally lost if a system does not recover its initial shape after unloading owing either to plastic behavior of the material or to frication forces within or between parts of the structure . 如果一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體系在卸載之后不能恢復(fù)到原先的形狀，則能量一般會(huì)丟失，原因 是材料的塑性性能，或結(jié)構(gòu)各部分內(nèi)部或之間的摩擦力。 (10)Loads usually need be treated as dynamic only if they are periodic in nature or they are applied very suddenly. 只有荷載本質(zhì)上是定期或者施加很突然時(shí)，則荷載通常需要被視為動(dòng)態(tài)的。 A structure is linear if its response to loading, say displacement at a point, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied load. （ 4）各向同性材料的物理性能在任一點(diǎn)的所有方向是相同的。不足的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查（實(shí)地勘測(cè)）和缺乏對(duì)土的性能的了解是最大的根本原因。 they may also reach depths of several meters. 一些樹(shù)根體系的徑向伸長(zhǎng)比樹(shù)的高度更大，它們也可能達(dá)到數(shù)米深處。 (7)Soil is a particulate material, so its stressstrain properties are much more plex than those of other more familiar materials such as steel. 土壤是一種顆粒物質(zhì)，所以其應(yīng)力 應(yīng)變性質(zhì)的復(fù)雜性遠(yuǎn)大于其他更熟悉的材料 ,如鋼材料。 The untrained stiffness（ Eu） can be assumed as an elastic constant for a given depth and so estimates can be obtained using elastic theory. （ 2）本章的其余大部分都用來(lái)詳 細(xì)研究固結(jié)過(guò)程和估計(jì)其所引起的沉降的方法。 In some clay, as discussed above, a decrease in moisture content will result in a decrease in volume. The soil above the reduced groundwater level may therefore shrink. Unite 8 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） chemical position 化學(xué)成分 （ 6）應(yīng)力 應(yīng)變曲線 stressstrain curve （ 2） cold working 冷加工 （ 7）拉伸斷裂 tensile fracture （ 3） normal distribution curve 正態(tài)分布曲線 （ 8）熱處理 heat treatment （ 4） local damage 局部破壞 （ 9）反復(fù)荷載 repeated loads （ 5） brittle fracture 脆性破壞 （ 10）變幅應(yīng)力循環(huán) variable amplitude stress cycle 脆性破壞的產(chǎn)生是由于在局部應(yīng)力高度集中的區(qū)域存在或形成小裂縫。 Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations. （ 3）疲勞設(shè)計(jì)出考慮容許應(yīng)力外還應(yīng)考慮節(jié)