【正文】 ests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? ? The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes。 the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish. ? The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish。 a cc or d in g t o t h is t h e or y , it w ou ld s e e m log ic a l t h a t w om e n w ou ld b ot h d e m a n d a n d g a in s u f f r a g e in e v e r g r e a t e r n u m b e r s w h e n e v e r e con om ic d e v e lop m e n t e x p a n d e d t h e ir e con om ic op p or t u n it ie s . H ow e v e r , t h e e con om ic d e v e lop m e n t t h e or y is in a d e q u a t e t o e x p la in ce r t a in h is t or ic a l f a ct s a b ou t t h e im p le m e n t a t ion of w om e n ’s s u f f r a g e . F or e x a m p le , w h y w a s w om e n ’s s u f f r a g e , in s t it u t e d n a t ion a ll y in t h e Un it e d S t a t e s in 1 9 2 0 , n ot in s t it u t e d n a t ion a ll y in S w it z e r la n d u n t il t h e 1 9 7 0 ’s ? I n d u s t r ia li z a t ion w a s w e ll a d v a n ce d in b ot h cou n t r ie s b y 1 9 2 0 : ove r 3 3 p e r ce n t of A m e r ic a n w or k e r s w e r e e m p loy e d in v a r iou s in d u s t r ie s , a s p a r e d t o 4 4 p e r ce n t of S w is s w or k e r s . G r a n t e d , S w it z e r la n d a n d t h e Un it e d S t a t e s d iv e r g e d in t h e d e g r e e t o w h ic h t h e e x p a n s ion of in d u s t r y coin ci d e d w it h t h e d e g r e e of u r b a n iz a t ion : on ly 2 9 p e r ce n t of t h e S w is s p op u la t ion li v e d in ci t ie s of 1 0 , 0 0 0 or m or e Q7: GWD47 The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920? ? A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas. ? There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States. ? Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas. ? Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties. ? A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas. Ma n y s ch ola r s h a v e t h e or iz e d t h a t e con om ic d e v e lop m e n t , p a r t ic u la r ly in d u s t r ia li z a t ion a n d u r b a n iz a t ion , con t r ib u t e s t o t h e g r ow t h of p a r t ic ip a t or y d e m ocr a cy 。 a cc or d in g t o t h is t h e or y , it w ou ld s e e m log ic a l t h a t w om e n w ou ld b ot h d e m a n d a n d g a in s u f f r a g e in e v e r g r e a t e r n u m b e r s w h e n e v e r e con om ic d e v e lop m e n t e x p a n d e d t h e ir e con om ic op p or t u n it ie s . H ow e v e r , t h e e con om ic d e v e lop m e n t t h e or y is in a d e q u a t e t o e x p la in ce r t a in h is t or ic a l f a ct s a b ou t t h e im p le m e n t a t ion of w om e n ’s s u f f r a g e . F or e x a m p le , w h y w a s w om e n ’s s u f f r a g e , in s t it u t e d n a t ion a ll y in t h e Un it e d S t a t e s in 1 9 2 0 , n ot in s t it u t e d n a t ion a ll y in S w it z e r la n d u n t il t h e 1 9 7 0 ’s ? I n d u s t r ia li z a t ion w a s w e ll a d v a n ce d in b ot h cou n t r ie s b y 1 9 2 0 : ove r 3 3 p e r ce n t of A m e r ic a n w or k e r s w e r e e m p loy e d in v a r iou s in d u s t r ie s , a s p a r e d t o 4 4 p e r ce n t of S w is s w or k e r s . G r a n t e d , S w it z e r la n d a n d t h e Un it e d S t a t e s d iv e r g e d in t h e d e g r e e t o w h ic h t h e e x p a n s ion of in d u s t r y coin ci d e d w it h t h e d e g r e e of u r b a n iz a t ion : on ly 2 9 p e r ce n t of t h e S w is s p op u la t ion li v e d in ci t ie s of 1 0 , 0 0 0 or m or e Q6: GWD46 The primary purpose of the passage is to ? contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage ? demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage ? discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage ? clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage ? explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage Ma n y s ch ola r s h a v e t h e or iz e d t h a t e con om ic d e v e lop m e n t , p a r t ic u la r ly in d u s t r ia li z a t ion a n d u r b a n iz a t ion , con t r ib u t e s t o t h e g r ow t h of p a r t ic ip a t or y d e m ocr a cy 。 and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen. In the historian’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? ? The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument。 the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument. ? The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position。 the second is a f