【正文】 e/exceed/override/overwhelming/prevail/transcend/ be superior to/ outwit / outweigh /be inferior to（劣于）= be subordinate to霸權: ascendancy/hegemony/supremacy二初始: beginning—debut/premiere/ prime/ genesis/ inception/ onset/ threshold/ lead off/ lead out(比to begin with好得多拉)(或者說什么的到來：advent of something)初始的: beginningprimitive//budding/ fledgling/ embryonic/（古老的意義解時archaic or antiquated or obsolescent or obsolete）開始: begin/start—mence/ initiate/ embark/ inaugurate開始：begin/start=undertake / embark upon增長: grow—multiply/mushroom/proliferate/ sprout/accelerate/ burgeon(慢慢增長)使其增長: increaseamplify/ magnify/addaugment/ supplement加重，升級 aggravate(惡化)/ escalate/ exacerbate/ deteriorate/ impair減少，減弱: decrease—abate/attenuate/ detract/ diminish/ slacken/curb/ curtail/(number)pare/ prune/ slash/ trim/ whittle/減輕decreaseallay/ assuage/ mollify/ soothe/mitigate/變弱decrease—dwindle/ ebb/ subside/ wane/ weaken/ impair上升: ascend—lift / surge/ rocket/ boast/ soar/ boom達到頂峰 culminate 頂點: peak—acme/apex/ pinnacle/ climax/ apogee (nadir最低點 or abyss深淵)(zenithamp。 rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飛快的，險峻的 167。 steep/steeply 急劇升降的167。 slight/slightly 輕微的 167。ne???n] ：human beings= mankind = human race ： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens ：happiness = cheerfulness = wellbeing ：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers ：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing ：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents ：advantage = merits = superiority [su:p??ri’?r?ti] = virtue ： responsibility = obligation = duty： ability = capacity[k?39。s in mind that 替換remember, possess 替換have(注意process是過程的意思) on sth替換 be against , disagree with sth name only a few, as an example替換 for example, for instance 恰當用詞: 后面接名詞，表示“加速”，中性詞，好事壞事都能用。 afford to: “不應當做”，不純粹是我們說的“負擔不起”。 of something: “批準，同意”，注意不要忘記介詞of。 / fund: 解決社會問題時一般都會提到需要投資，可以用到這兩個單詞，替代money。 contrast: “相反”，用來替代我們經(jīng)常使用的on the contrary，on the other hand。: 作為名詞，含義是“損失、損失金額”，動詞“損壞”的搭配能力非常強，和表示物品或抽象概念的詞都可以放在一起使用，因此可以用來替代destroy。這個詞表示下降比較快，如果再用修飾語，應當是sharply，dramatically，drastically。比如 Internet has emerged as a channel for people to exchange information。 is generally established that: “眾所周知，公認”。 to do: “沒有能夠”，可以適當替換帶有cannot的句子。 priority to something: “重視，優(yōu)先考慮”。: “家庭”，這個詞偏重的家庭生活中的設備，物質概念，因此，比如計算機，汽車等設備進入家庭，就應當用enter the household，而不是我們用的home或family。 / selfish / selfcentered: 都是“自私的”含義，可以交替使用。 to do: “計劃，打算”，可以替代be going to等詞組，表達做事的意愿。: “一貫認為，堅持認為”，一般寫成somebody maintains that，后面使用完整的句子，用來替代think, believe。 out of / be short of: “耗盡”/“短缺”，用來替代lack，同時提醒大家lack這個詞的動詞形式在英語中使用的很少。: “貧困的，低收入的”，替代poor。 range of / a series of / a string of: “一系列”，特別是后兩個單詞通常都可以用在消極概念前邊，可以用作修飾語，增加文章長度。: “有收效，有回報的”，用在方法手段或政策法規(guī)的內容上。: “加強，鞏固，改善”，同improve交替使用，以避免重復。: “過去”，用于替代in the past。pulsory education 強制教育、義務教育selective，pulsory military service，minors 未成年人adolescence，teenager/teen，youth，youngster immature 不成熟的學習的好處?learn skills學習技能?acquire knowledge學習知識，enrich knowledge豐富知識, ?widen horizon開闊視野, ?inspire interest激發(fā)興趣, ?stimulate interest激發(fā)興趣, ?cultivate hobbies?develop potentials?conduce to mental development?lay a solid foundation for the future為將來打下堅實的基礎學習上的問題: ?lack discipline缺少約束力/persistence毅力, ?testoriented education應試型教育，teachercentred education studentcentred education moneyorientedquality education 素質教育?cram for examinations突擊考試, ?stuff 塞materials?memorise背, memorisation, ?rote learning死記硬背?Testtaking techniques應試技巧壞處：?discourage critical thinking 打擊評判性思維?students stop questioning what they 2 are being taught?學生們不去質問他們學習的東西?conduce to academic performance有助學習表現(xiàn)?Adversely influence 負面地影響（動作）Exert adverse/unfavorable influence on對。Violence , pornography , ?obscene色情的, violent暴力的, pornographic色情的?objectionable content不良信息?cyber crime網(wǎng)絡犯罪(financial crime)net cafe ?Internetaddicted 上網(wǎng)成癮的?isolation 孤立, isolated 孤立的?unsociable不善社交的 新聞審查制度: censorship?filter objectionable content過濾不良內容, ?provide a safe and pleasant cyber environment 提供一個安全美好的網(wǎng)絡空間?invade one’s privacy侵犯隱私, ?deprive people of the freedom of speech剝奪人們言論自由, ?freedom of the press新聞自由?People are deprived of the freedom of 。成為可能?increase life expectancy 增加平均壽命?find cures for some diseases?transplant organ 移植器官?twoedge sword/weapon 雙刃劍?mass destruction weapons大規(guī)模殺傷性武器?chemical weapons化學武器 inspiration，inspire，promote space technology，heart pacemaker，freeze dried vegetables，microwavecultural diversity文化多元化?cultural treasures文化寶藏?crosscultural munication跨文化交流?cultural reconstruction文化重建?heritage遺產(chǎn)?achievements of art藝術成就?human civilization人類文明?mainstream culture主流文化?cultural traditions文化傳統(tǒng)?national pride民族自豪?local customs and practices風土人情?national identity and value民族特性和價值觀?venue場所?spread knowledge傳播知識?nurture imagination培養(yǎng)想象力、be closely interrelated with…與…有密切關系?cause irreversible damage造成不可逆轉的損失?remove prejudice and misunderstanding消除偏見和誤解語言：?lesserused languages 使用很少的語言?language acquisition 語言習得?linguistics 語言學?linguist 語言學家?on the verge of extinction 處在滅絕的邊緣?universal language 世界語?intellectual development 智力發(fā)展?grammatical rules語法規(guī)則?context 上下文?technical terms 專業(yè)術語?read between lines讀懂暗含的意思 解決游客過多的措施There are various solutions to these first one is to limit touristnumbers, because fewer visitors will result in less solution is to enforce strict rules about which areas people can visit and what they can do when they get example, special paths can be built and people can be forbidden to walk off the paths.第五篇：四六級英語作文經(jīng)典替換詞經(jīng)典替換詞 individuals, characters, folks(people, persons)2 charming, decent, fascinating, desirable, prosperous, positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding(good)3 wrong, plain, negative, useless, evil, dark side, nasty, dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(bad)4 an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, many, if not most(many)注意查清 if not most 的用法 a slice of, quite a few, several(some)6 harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely sha