【正文】 設(shè)計(jì)是重要的，但并不總是把它付諸實(shí)踐。2．6 數(shù)據(jù)收集及分析使用郵件或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)調(diào)查是為了迅速覆蓋更多的區(qū)域，他們通過(guò)可靠的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理工具回答管理報(bào)告。盡可能減少材料使用的數(shù)量；促進(jìn)材料分解，以便循環(huán)和重復(fù)使用；詳細(xì)說(shuō)明新舊材料。室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量報(bào)表包括九項(xiàng)特征，包括四項(xiàng)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量特征和五項(xiàng)人類幸福特征。這一部分的問(wèn)題以能源、環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層(LEED)綠色建筑等級(jí)系統(tǒng)和明尼蘇達(dá)州的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑方針而發(fā)展。問(wèn)卷的開(kāi)頭是說(shuō)明，下面分為兩個(gè)部分。會(huì)員郵件列表并未包含個(gè)人或?qū)I(yè)信息，考慮到反應(yīng)率而確定樣本的取樣，此樣本隨機(jī)選擇。美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所是全球室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師及室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)的領(lǐng)先專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)。因此，本文旨在將可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)定義為一種將所有系統(tǒng)和材料與整體效果相結(jié)合的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，以求減少對(duì)環(huán)境和居住者的負(fù)面影響，增加建筑物對(duì)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的積極作用。對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展，環(huán)境問(wèn)題在室內(nèi)材料和產(chǎn)品的選擇和說(shuō)明中是尤為重要的。然而，環(huán)境問(wèn)題和支持環(huán)境可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的需求已經(jīng)納入了傳統(tǒng)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的范圍內(nèi)。其設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程可以被看作是一系列的步驟或階段順序，既有傳統(tǒng)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方法，也包括利用規(guī)劃、原理圖設(shè)計(jì)、設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)、合同文件和合同管理等可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，在設(shè)計(jì)完成之前，我們需要在各階段都花心思。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)教育工作者會(huì)鑒別不常用的可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)元件，發(fā)展提高對(duì)具體元件認(rèn)識(shí)的教學(xué)方法，同時(shí)繼續(xù)教育課程也可開(kāi)發(fā)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)者。為了給可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的教育戰(zhàn)略提供基礎(chǔ)，本文研究環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐。s cubicle, to the nurse39。 Casa da Musica(2005)in Porto, Portugal(with its inventive use of traditional Portuguese tiles), and Herzog amp。 Crafts movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth is no accident that its strongest proponents(from Frank Lloyd Wright to Mies van der Rohe)extended their practices to include the realm of interiors during the nascency of the interiordesign , it was a defensive measure taken by architects who viewed formal intervention by an interior decorator or designer as a threat to the integrity of their , apart from strict modernists like Richard Meier who place a premium on homogeneity, architects who take on the role of interior designer(and their numbers are growing)are more likely to be eclectic in philosophy and practice, paralleling the twentyfirst century39。cor into programmatic concerns of space and designers generally practice collaboratively with architects on the interiors of spaces built from the ground up, but they also work independently, particularly in the case of is also a strong history of architectdesigned interiors, rooted in the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, the total work of art, that came out of the Arts amp。s loft, and in hotels that use the language(and contents)of , increasing numbers of grocery stores and bookstores include spaces and furniture for eating and , there is a new fort with stylistic convergences in interiors that appropriate and rebine disparate quotations from design are exemplified in spaces such as Rem Koolhaas39。s clothing stores and in entertainment spaces like Las Vegas , a more playful and less linear approach to narrative is increasingly all the typologies of the interior, the residence has been least affected by change, apart from ephemeral trends such as outdoor kitchens and palatial , the narrative of the residence dominates interior design at has bee the catalyst for rethinking a host of spaces once firmly isolated from it, ranging from the secretary39。user Verlag AG 2008第二篇：室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)在環(huán)境上可持續(xù)的實(shí)踐摘要：本文旨在探討在現(xiàn)代室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則未保障環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的前提下，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師如何運(yùn)用促使環(huán)境可持續(xù)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方案。這一實(shí)踐將為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)教育戰(zhàn)略提供基礎(chǔ)。它是一種有意識(shí)的思考過(guò)程，將學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)與想象力結(jié)合在一起。在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)工程中，成本是做決定時(shí)另一重要的方面。許多室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)材料性能影響環(huán)境的知識(shí)只有有限認(rèn)識(shí)。盡管就像Firey所說(shuō)，是什么構(gòu)筑了可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)沒(méi)有單方面的定義，但在環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)中存在連續(xù)的權(quán)衡和談判。本研究是針對(duì)專業(yè)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)即美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員。美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所中大約65%的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師使用電子郵件。調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的格式采用封閉式的問(wèn)題，也就是些眾所周知的問(wèn)題，要求受訪者在研究員提供的方案中選擇形式和尺度。第二部分集中在環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。2．5室內(nèi)材料利用室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)材料，減少資源浪費(fèi)及其對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。室內(nèi)材料具有十四項(xiàng)基于生命周期的特征，包括三項(xiàng)減少輸入、四項(xiàng)管理輸出和七項(xiàng)生命周期設(shè)計(jì)的特征。為了每份報(bào)表，要求受訪者根據(jù)當(dāng)前的規(guī)模把它評(píng)價(jià)為三大類，分類根據(jù)運(yùn)用的頻率，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)師以及設(shè)計(jì)師所在公司起作用。此次統(tǒng)計(jì)分布在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師的特點(diǎn)和環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的中心趨向的頻率和比例上。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師可能會(huì)認(rèn)為可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)需要額外的室內(nèi)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)及材質(zhì)，為此將會(huì)付出更高的代價(jià)。因此，提高對(duì)可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)重要性以及室內(nèi)材料對(duì)整個(gè)生命周期影響的意識(shí)的教學(xué)方法對(duì)裝潢材料類本科生和在繼續(xù)教育課程的實(shí)踐者都是十分必要的。雖然室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師已經(jīng)意識(shí)到環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，但是考慮到可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的花費(fèi)又使他們氣餒。這項(xiàng)研究工程被設(shè)計(jì)成用來(lái)考察和分析那些表明使用環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方法底線的數(shù)據(jù)。隨著系統(tǒng)可控性越來(lái)越少被使用，相對(duì)地，在人類幸福、獲得日光和景觀、有效的照明、適當(dāng)?shù)穆晫W(xué)控制和熱舒適性方面的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越常見(jiàn)。了解國(guó)家環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)是十分重要的，這項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)為此作出一份貢獻(xiàn)。如今,在美國(guó)、英國(guó)、加拿大和荷蘭等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)較為發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家,這一管理模式已經(jīng)廣為應(yīng)用,并逐漸成為當(dāng)今學(xué)術(shù)研究的重點(diǎn)課題。具體而言，產(chǎn)生的原因主要有：(1)消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的新鮮度要求越來(lái)越高，并要求食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交貨期、生產(chǎn)期越短越好。這是因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)中買賣雙方信息不對(duì)稱,消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品時(shí)，不了解產(chǎn)品的衛(wèi)生、環(huán)保和安全信息。由此可見(jiàn)，食品供應(yīng)鏈管理是在市場(chǎng)內(nèi)在動(dòng)力和政府外在壓力的情況下促成的。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)是一種準(zhǔn)供應(yīng)鏈。因此,T型食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游種植業(yè)者眾多,而中下游中間商和銷售商較少且集中,供應(yīng)鏈的形狀呈現(xiàn)為 T型。因此，皇家阿荷生鮮超市實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理后，將供應(yīng)商從原來(lái)的250家減少為60家左右，使物流系統(tǒng)更加高效和簡(jiǎn)潔。隨著市場(chǎng)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)需求的多樣化，食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的比重也在逐步提高。這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是前述三個(gè)食品供應(yīng)鏈中所沒(méi)有的，這是大型超市和連鎖店對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求作出快速反w 應(yīng)的結(jié)果。三．食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與食品質(zhì)量安全近年來(lái)，由于食品供應(yīng)鏈合作的重點(diǎn)由原來(lái)的保證供貨質(zhì)量逐步轉(zhuǎn)向加強(qiáng)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全，如瘋牛病、口蹄疫和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品等的出現(xiàn)。這也是企業(yè)實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理時(shí)需要分析考察的問(wèn)題：，以提高食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷量。例如，轉(zhuǎn)基因食用油，如未進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)，消費(fèi)者就很難判別食用油是否由非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆加工而成。供應(yīng)商通常有著很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)性，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)食品有安全隱患和質(zhì)量問(wèn)題時(shí)，他們往往會(huì)采取措施，避免食品質(zhì)量安全問(wèn)題給企業(yè)自身或品牌帶來(lái)負(fù)面的影響。因此某種產(chǎn)品一旦出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，這些標(biāo)識(shí)信息將能夠發(fā)揮很大的作用。然而，對(duì)所有食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全跟蹤是沒(méi)有必要的。只有當(dāng)收益大于成本時(shí)，企業(yè)所選擇的寬度、深度和精度才是實(shí)施供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全跟蹤的動(dòng)力和保證。the second stage of integrated logistics management phase, agricultural marketing, logistics management separate from, and to extend to the upstream producers of agricultural and food production process, emphasizing the production should be based on market demand and cost control throughout the supply chain。the same time, products from the market to close and only a single farm, it also makes the chain in Most of the main trading agricultural producers, their direct trading in the market, and littlew contact between producers and consumers, middlemen, so growers sell directly to consumers food and agricultural developing countries, especially near urban areas, the supply of vegetables, generally using this type of supply type of food supply type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distance, consumer demand quite different perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as thirdparty logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate type of supply chain, upstream gathered more producers, and in the middle part of a better understanding of the origin of production, but also in the sales channels to occupy a certain advantage, but fewer , Tfood supply chain and many growers, brokers and sellers and less downstream and concentrated, showing the shape of the supply chain for the dumbbellshaped pared to the food supply chain, which chain is longer, the sales performance of food and agricultural products and valueadded services for the indirect type of food supply chains more mon in China, China39