【正文】 The disadvantaged are likely to be even more so Algorithms create filter bubbles and silos shaped by corporate data collectors. They limit people?s exposure to a wider range of ideas and reliable information and eliminate serendipity Theme 6 Unemployment will rise Smarter, moreefficient algorithms will displace many human work activities Some seek a redefined global economic system to support humanity SOCIETAL CHALLENGES Theme 7 The need grows for algorithmic literacy, transparency and oversight It starts with algorithm literacy – this goes beyond basic digital literacy People call for accountability processes, oversight and transparency Many are pessimistic about the prospects for policy rules and oversight PEW RESEARCH CENTER Analysts like Aneesh Aneesh of Stanford University foresee algorithms taking over public and private activities in a new era of ― algocratic governance‖ that supplants ―bureaucratic hierarchies.‖ Others, like Harvard‘s Shoshana Zuboff, describe the emergence of ― surveillance capitalism‖ that anizes economic behavior in an ―information civilization.‖ To illuminate current attitudes about the potential impacts of algorithms in the next decade, Pew Research Center and Elon University‘s Imagining the Inter Center conducted a largescale canvassing of technology experts, scholars, corporate practitioners and government leaders. Some 1,302 responded to this question about what will happen in the next decade: 5 PEW RESEARCH CENTER g Will the overall effect of algorithms be positive for individuals and society or negative for individuals and society? The nonscientific canvassing found that 38% of these particular respondents predicted that the positive impacts of algorithms will outweigh negatives for individuals and society in general, while 37% said negatives will outweigh positives。 and . social and demographic trends. All of the center‘s reports are available at . Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. For this project, Pew Research Center worked with Elon University‘ s Imagining the Inter Center, which helped conceive the research, collect, and analyze the data. 169。 inter, science and technology。 journalism and media。 global attitudes and trends。 ethical issues are being worked out “Algorithms don?t have to be perfect。 they can identify congestion and alternative times and paths.‖ ? ―Selfdriving cars could dramatically reduce the number of accidents we have per year, as well as improve quality of life for most people.‖ ? ―Bettertargeted delivery of news, services and advertising.‖ ? ―More evidencebased social science using algorithms to collect data from social media and click trails.‖ ? ―Improved and more proactive police work, targeting areas where crime can be prevented.‖ ? ―Fewer underdeveloped areas and more international mercial exchanges.‖ ? ―Algorithms ease the friction in decisionmaking, purchasing, transportation and a large number of other behaviors.‖ ? ―Bots will follow orders to buy your stocks. Digital agents will find the materials you need.‖ ? ―Any errors could be corrected. This will mean the algorithms only bee more efficient to humanity‘s desires as time progresses.‖ Participants in this study were in substantial agreement that the abundant positives of accelerating codedependency will continue to drive the spread of algorithms。 the fact that it results in perpetual injustices toward the very minority classes it creates will be ignored. The Common Good has bee a discredited, obsolete relic of The Past.‖ ? ―In an economy increasingly dominated by a tiny, very privileged and insulated portion of the population, it will largely reproduce inequality for their benefit. Criticism will be belittled and dismissed because of the veneer of digital ?logic‘ over the process.‖ ? ―Algorithms are the new gold, and it‘s hard to explain why the average ?good‘ is at odds with the individual ?good.‘‖ ? ―We will interpret the negative individual impact as the necessary collateral damage of ?progress.‘‖ ? ―This will kill local intelligence, local skills, minority languages, local entrepreneurship because most of the available resources will be drained out by the global petitors.‖ ? ―Algorithms in the past have been created by a programmer. In the future they will likely be evolved by intelligent/learning machines …. Humans will lose their agency in the world.‖ ? ―It will only get worse because there‘s no ?crisis‘ to respond to, and hence, not only no motivation to change, but every reason to keep it going – especially by the powerful interests involved. We are heading for a nightmare.‖ ? ―Web provides more convenience for citizens who need to get a ride home, but at the same time – and it‘s naive to think this is a coincidence – it‘s also a moized, corporatized, disempowering, cannibalizing harbinger of the End Times. (I exaggerate for effect. But not by much.)‖ Theme 4: Biases exist in algorithmicallyanized systems Two strands of thinking tie together here. One is that the algorithm creators (code writers), even if they strive for inclusiveness, objectivity and neutrality, build into their creations their own perspectives and values. The other is that the datasets to which algorithms are applied have their own limits and deficiencies. Even datasets with billions of pieces of information do not capture the fullness of people‘s lives and the diversity of their experiences. Moreover, the datasets themselves are imperfect because they do not contain inputs from everyone or a representative sample of everyone. The two themes are advanced in these answers: g 12 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Justin Reich, executive director at the MIT Teaching Systems Lab, observed,