【正文】 以說即將過時(shí)。指令的發(fā)出者與實(shí)施者之間有一個(gè)明確的劃分。鼓勵行政人員規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而不是勇于冒險(xiǎn),鼓勵他們浪費(fèi)稀缺資源而不是有效利用。三、新公共管理模式20世紀(jì)八九十年代,在公共部門出現(xiàn)了一種針對傳統(tǒng)行政模式的缺陷的新 管理方法。盡管新公共管理的名稱眾多,但對于公共部門管理發(fā)生的實(shí)際變化而言,人們還是有一種共識。同樣,還可以對計(jì)劃方案進(jìn)行更為系統(tǒng)的評估,也可以比以前更為嚴(yán)格地確定政府計(jì)劃是否實(shí)現(xiàn)了其預(yù)定目標(biāo)。第六,出現(xiàn)了通過民營化和市場檢驗(yàn)、簽訂合同等方式減少政府職能的趨勢。他們把新公共管理視作范式,這種好的管理方法具有以下特點(diǎn):(1)這是一種更加富有戰(zhàn)略性或結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)向型的決策方法(強(qiáng)調(diào)效率、結(jié)果和服務(wù)質(zhì)量)。(4)關(guān)注權(quán)威與責(zé)任的對應(yīng),以此作為提高績效的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),這包括強(qiáng)調(diào)明確的績效合同的機(jī)制。(8)寬泛的服務(wù)預(yù)算和管理制度支持和鼓勵著這些變化的發(fā)生。四、結(jié)論政府管理在過去的一百五十年里經(jīng)歷了三種模式。在任何一種政府制度中,官僚和市場都是共存的,只是在某個(gè)階段一種形式占主導(dǎo)地位,而在另一階段,另一種形式占主導(dǎo)地位。但新公共管理運(yùn)動表明的是,早期傳統(tǒng)官僚制的許多功能都可以而且現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常由市場來執(zhí)行。如果這些方案行之無效,政府就會從同一來源中尋找其他方案。在新公共管理模式之后,會出現(xiàn)另一種新的模式,但肯定不會回到傳統(tǒng)的行政模式。s, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in this three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main other countries, plus G.. and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important the 19th century, the north G.. and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of traditional administrative pattern has the following features: government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, and the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to abide by these principles will run for the organization provides the best the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal the parison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rulebased impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management organization and its rules than any of the people are important is its operation and how to respond to customer must is Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management “, will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched modern public administration by law theory, to mand certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public does not grant an institution specific cases through some only matters is abstractly control some contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all latter is pletely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation.” It is very administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the , the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream , it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can39。5 。5二、網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐存在的問題。7（二）網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐的對策考。anticorruption。1996年，全世界的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶只有4000萬，此后，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的用戶每6個(gè)月就增加一倍，寬帶和信息的流量也翻一番，截止2008年底，居世界第一。在這里，信息跨越了時(shí)空界限，實(shí)現(xiàn)了自由流動?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的存在形態(tài)是無形的，在網(wǎng)上交流中，人們看到的和聽到的文字、形象和聲音都變成數(shù)字的終端顯現(xiàn)，形成了另外的時(shí)空概念。信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)達(dá)，在賦予人類生活跟多便捷的同時(shí)，也為維護(hù)社會公平、清除權(quán)力腐敗帶來了以外的驚喜。網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個(gè)廣闊天地，每個(gè)網(wǎng)民都是一把利劍，只要有情況都可以舉報(bào)。二、網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐存在的問題（一）網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐存在虛假性近兩年貪官落馬，大部分都是群眾舉報(bào)的結(jié)果。網(wǎng)絡(luò)上發(fā)表意見具有隨意性，有的只是傳聞，有的會被別有用心的人說利用。如果是惡意的非法的發(fā)布虛假信息中傷他人，同樣構(gòu)成誣陷罪，一經(jīng)查實(shí)要根據(jù)法律嚴(yán)肅處理。（二）人肉搜索”的負(fù)面性隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索引擎技術(shù)的進(jìn)化，“人肉搜索”適用面不斷擴(kuò)大，其影響力也與日俱增。“人肉搜索”，已成網(wǎng)絡(luò)利器，更被評為“2008中國主流媒體社會生活類十大流行語”。在“人肉搜索”的背后，充斥著網(wǎng)民的集體聲討、鋪天蓋地的批評，甚至還有無窮無盡的從網(wǎng)絡(luò)到現(xiàn) 5 實(shí)的“追殺”，一定程度上破壞了健康文明的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境。目前中國的權(quán)力監(jiān)督體系包括黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督、黨外監(jiān)督、法律監(jiān)督、媒體監(jiān)督和群眾監(jiān)督五個(gè)方面。網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐可以大大提高公民的政治參與積極性，讓公民真正感覺到主人公的地位。開放輿論監(jiān)督，讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體擔(dān)負(fù)起輿論監(jiān)督的責(zé)任，做反腐倡廉的先鋒，不但能改變腐敗與反腐之間的信息不對稱，而且能扭轉(zhuǎn)其力量對比。隨著網(wǎng)民的增加和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)影響的不斷增強(qiáng)，腐敗分子從掌權(quán)者變?yōu)殡A下囚的悲慘經(jīng)歷，給那些已經(jīng)有腐敗行為或意欲腐敗的公職人員以強(qiáng)大的威懾，使他們放棄不廉潔的行為和想法，也可以起到教育普通公眾的作用。因此，要象重視實(shí)際空間反腐工作一樣重視虛擬空間反腐工作，揚(yáng)長避短，使網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐與其他反腐手段相互配合，成為反腐敗斗爭的強(qiáng)大武器。一是要建立保護(hù)證人制度。另外，包括德國、加拿大、澳大利亞等國家，已均制定了證人保護(hù)法。三是建立并不斷完善有關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐的運(yùn)行機(jī)制。株洲的做法給我們借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐提供了很好的借鑒和啟發(fā)。對網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)線索進(jìn)行專業(yè)的收集、分析，按真實(shí)性、可查性、影響性分級管理，及時(shí)在網(wǎng)上就調(diào)查情況對網(wǎng)友進(jìn)行答復(fù)，保證渠道通暢。對由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)披露的信息引起的混亂，要及時(shí)發(fā)布權(quán)威信息，澄清有關(guān)是非或說明有關(guān)情況，維護(hù)穩(wěn)定，構(gòu)建和諧，發(fā)布的信息務(wù)必實(shí)事求是權(quán)威準(zhǔn)確。制定并不斷完善一套實(shí)用實(shí)效的規(guī)章制度和運(yùn)行機(jī)制，分析網(wǎng)絡(luò)舉報(bào)的特點(diǎn)，探索網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐的規(guī)律，逐步向網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐的法制化、規(guī)范化邁進(jìn)。與此同時(shí)，要開展各種形式的反腐網(wǎng)絡(luò)探索，拓寬網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐渠道，比如，除了建立網(wǎng)站外，還可開通舉報(bào)郵箱、開通實(shí)時(shí)ＱＱ、開通ＭＳＮ、開通反腐敗博客、論壇、BBS等，豐富反腐途徑，暢通反腐渠道，讓網(wǎng)民的舉報(bào)得以及時(shí)交流，及時(shí)溝通，與官方反腐力量形成互動。從長遠(yuǎn)來說，網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐要與其 注重預(yù)防 努力做好2005年黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗工作[J].中國經(jīng)貿(mào)導(dǎo)刊 , 2005,(06)正確認(rèn)識形勢 全面履行職責(zé)[J].中國監(jiān)察 , 2006,(02)它手段一起形成合力，使網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)督的積極作用得到全面發(fā)揮，網(wǎng)絡(luò)反腐也才能走上正確