【正文】 ，因為是在車站旁邊，所以生活很方便。美香是松島的朋友藤原的妹妹，非常可愛的女大學生。每天和同屋美香快樂地生活著。在日本，扔垃圾的時間是被限定好的。例如，“可燃垃圾”里包括廚房扔掉的含有水分的垃圾，但一周只能扔兩次。She shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could ，他從不跟我說話。The route was designed to relieve traffic 。The son was watching DVD at home while the parents were working in the ，而我更喜歡音樂。There are so many different CD versions to choose from and I have no idea which is the ，看著其他人，一坐就是數(shù)個小時，什么也不干，也不和任何人交談。I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last ，都是些垃圾節(jié)目。t get across other than by know him?Unit2 ，對此你如何解釋？How do you account for the fact that you39。Plenty of fresh air contributes to good ，但是沒有成功。Throughout oneyear industrious work, the pany has achieved all its goals this ，你犯那個錯誤我倒是很高興，因為那個錯誤會對你起警戒作用。This school began as a munity college and has grown to one of the most famous universities in the ，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為世界上最大的戶外品牌。The mitment of our pany is to introduce the products of our country to the customers throughout the 。According to a new research, smokers can reduce their risk for heart disease by cutting down on smoking cigarettes..。It is recognized that smoking is bad for 。t solve all problems, but so affirmation can ease their ，晚會上的其他人也都一樣。Think twice before you make any important 。 is highly unlikely that this problem will be solved in the near 。 advised him to think twice before deciding to quit 。In my few years of study in Britain, J bad chances to meet students of all sorts of ，向老師贈送圣誕節(jié)賀卡，是一種常見的表達敬意的方式。When some Chinese idioms are translated into English, their meanings may startle some readers of seems to know the way better than I 。 was assigned to a small room when I started my work in the ，他們分給我一個單人房間。I won39。s rude 。They built a reservoir halfway up the mountain instead of at the 。 continual sunny days made the temperature soar ，氣溫驟然升高。如前文所述，句子是較為理想的漢英翻譯單位。所以漢語句子看似松散，如流水般無定法可依。因此，英語句法的特征是：主語突出、易于識別，且只能由名詞或名詞性的詞語擔任；謂語絕對受主語的支配，在人稱和數(shù)上面必須和主語保持一致，有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化；句與句之間多以明示邏輯關系的連接詞相連。在漢譯英的實踐中，對主語的確定可采取三種處理方法：（1）以原句主語作譯文主語；（2）重新確定主語；（3）增補主語。I e from Beijing.（3）如果不適當?shù)靥幚?，鍋爐及機動車輛排出的廢氣就會造成城市空氣污染。If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are “fundamental parts” of writings.（朱伯石《寫作與語言》，李定坤譯）例6中，原文的主語“句子”不帶數(shù)的標記，英譯時，其對應詞sentence為可數(shù)名詞，譯者從語境和英語語法規(guī)則考慮，選取了復數(shù)形式sentences，而不是單數(shù)的a sentence或the sentence，作為該句的主語。原文含兩個句子。譯文信息準確，邏輯清晰，行文簡潔明了。As a horse may tumble, so a man may make ，但句子結構有變化：語序倒換了。直接將漢語原文主語作為英語譯文主語的做法最簡潔方便，但它運用的場合是有限的。在許多情況下，我們需要重新選擇和確定主語，以保證譯文邏輯通順、行文流暢、語言自然地道，行使與原文相似的功能。從形式上看，名詞“身材”是句中主語，但從隨后三個部分的內(nèi)容來看，“生一副大長方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色”的應該是“他”而不是“身材”。this quality is invaluable among colonial and semicolonial ，結構上卻相對獨立的三個小句組成復句。s bones were the hardest。小船活像開了水皮的一條打跳的梭魚。將The turn(of the century)替換原主語“中國”的譯文a，比照搬原主語的譯文b地道，有韻味。（16）胎又癟了。譯文中連主語帶謂語（We39。Here and there a few rays from streetlamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dozing.（朱自清《荷塘月色》，王椒升譯）（18）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 本節(jié)開頭提到，漢語中，主語隱含不顯或無主語的情況時常可見。When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.（劉鶚《老殘游記》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）原文主語被隱去。Silence, silence!Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!（魯迅《紀念劉和珍君》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）添補包括作者和讀者在內(nèi)的we作主語，成功地傳達了魯迅對反動派屠殺進步人士的憤慨，對國家及民眾前途和命運的擔憂，還有他激勵人民奮起反抗的吶喊。s blowing ，如“下雨了”、“下雪了”、“打雷了”等。s thundering”。鉆進去，幾個月，一年兩年，三年五年，總可以學會的。該例由典型的流水句組成。漢語句子中謂語成分五花八門，非常復雜，而英語句子中的謂語比較單一，只能由動詞或動詞短語承擔。譯者根據(jù)語義傳達和行文構句的需要，在確定譯文主語的時候，也在考慮謂語動詞的選擇，或者反過來，譯者可能先想好了謂語動詞，再來選擇主語。此外，謂語動詞和賓語的搭配，連系動詞和表語的搭配，以及這兩種搭配產(chǎn)生的修辭效果，也都影響和制約謂語的選擇。比較以下譯文：（1）中央政府不干預香港特別行政區(qū)的事務。（2）中國經(jīng)濟將融入世界經(jīng)濟的大潮。（3）這事到了現(xiàn)在，還是時時記起。 turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic “主語的確定”部分講解過。而譯文b亦步亦趨地緊隨漢語原文，以China為主語，再按照語法要求，選擇了連系動詞is（原文中亦無對應表達）加表語very active作謂語。re opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took them .(I hear that you39。（7）在同新聞界談話的時候，上海人使用越來越多的最高級形容詞。不同的是，譯文a僅僅陳述事實，語氣比較客觀；而譯文b從旅游觀光者的角度表述，帶有一定的感情色彩。從表意的效果看，譯文b理想可取，而譯文a則不然。請看以下例句：（9）我又閑了一個多月啦！39。譯文b以to have no work譯之，采用“謂語動詞+賓語”的句式。 palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign 。（11）她們（指“時裝模特”）逐漸地鎮(zhèn)定下來，有了自信。而譯文b中的謂語regain一詞，根據(jù)同一詞典，意為get or win back，與該賓語搭配恰當，在此是一個合適的選擇。譯文也由三個簡單句組成，都采用動賓結構。譯者沒有機械照搬原文形式，重復運用連系動詞was+表語的形式，而將三個對應部分分別譯作was represented by，was marked by和was featured by。有鑒于此，強化語法意識，增強英語句法概念，顯得至關重要。隨后的謂語分別為e and go，和第三人稱單數(shù)加“s”的grows(green), yellows，與各自的主語一致，符合英語習慣。s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.（魯迅《**》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）漢語動詞無時態(tài)變化，時態(tài)概念通過詞匯手段來表達。He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.（17）河邊枯柳樹下的幾株瘦削的一丈紅，該是村女種的吧。 agriculture is in good shape and the peasants selfsupporting, then the 500 million people will feel agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are selfsupporting, then the 500 million people will feel ：原文第一、二小句并列在條件狀語從句中，第三小句譯作了主句。根據(jù)英語用法，peasants后省略的也應該是連系動詞is，可這里作主語的peasants為復數(shù)，所以省略is的譯文a違背了主謂一致的原則，不符合英語規(guī)范。s shadow on the the sound in the winter night.（馮文炳《十二月十九夜》，李定坤譯）該例與例18情況類似。（20）關于如何改進市民的居住條件問題市政府給予了充分重視。值得注意的是，有些學生將pay attention to短語用于被動語態(tài)時，常常會錯誤地構句為：The housing conditions of the urban inhabitants has been paid full attention to by the municipal 。遵照英語句法對主謂一致和動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)的要求，謂語分別譯為第三人稱單數(shù)一般現(xiàn)在時的has和varies、一般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài)的is poured和將來時態(tài)的will take。語序指句子成分的排列次序，它是詞語和句子成分之間關系的體現(xiàn)，反映語言使用者的邏輯思維和心理結構模式（陳宏薇，1998）。相異之處則表現(xiàn)在語言句內(nèi)和句間語序的靈活性以及定、狀語等次要成分位置的差異。換言之，施事、行為、受事的位置在漢語中比較自由，在英語中則通常比較固定。s literary ，施事、行為在后。The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to “一個人”為施事，“坐著”為行為；例3中“杭州西湖之秀美”為施事，“給他留下”為行為。 in the parks we often see people walk with caged birds in a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a mon scene in the early ，處在主語位置的“遛鳥者”實際上是受事，“時?？梢姟笔切袨椤＃?）生日是自己長大以后聽家里人說的，??I was told about my birthday by my fos