【正文】 ，因?yàn)槭窃谲?chē)站旁邊，所以生活很方便。美香是松島的朋友藤原的妹妹，非?？蓯?ài)的女大學(xué)生。每天和同屋美香快樂(lè)地生活著。在日本，扔垃圾的時(shí)間是被限定好的。例如，“可燃垃圾”里包括廚房扔掉的含有水分的垃圾，但一周只能扔兩次。She shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could ，他從不跟我說(shuō)話。The route was designed to relieve traffic 。The son was watching DVD at home while the parents were working in the ，而我更喜歡音樂(lè)。There are so many different CD versions to choose from and I have no idea which is the ，看著其他人，一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)，什么也不干，也不和任何人交談。I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last ，都是些垃圾節(jié)目。t get across other than by know him?Unit2 ，對(duì)此你如何解釋?zhuān)縃ow do you account for the fact that you39。Plenty of fresh air contributes to good ，但是沒(méi)有成功。Throughout oneyear industrious work, the pany has achieved all its goals this ，你犯那個(gè)錯(cuò)誤我倒是很高興，因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)錯(cuò)誤會(huì)對(duì)你起警戒作用。This school began as a munity college and has grown to one of the most famous universities in the ，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為世界上最大的戶外品牌。The mitment of our pany is to introduce the products of our country to the customers throughout the 。According to a new research, smokers can reduce their risk for heart disease by cutting down on smoking cigarettes..。It is recognized that smoking is bad for 。t solve all problems, but so affirmation can ease their ，晚會(huì)上的其他人也都一樣。Think twice before you make any important 。 is highly unlikely that this problem will be solved in the near 。 advised him to think twice before deciding to quit 。In my few years of study in Britain, J bad chances to meet students of all sorts of ，向老師贈(zèng)送圣誕節(jié)賀卡，是一種常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)敬意的方式。When some Chinese idioms are translated into English, their meanings may startle some readers of seems to know the way better than I 。 was assigned to a small room when I started my work in the ，他們分給我一個(gè)單人房間。I won39。s rude 。They built a reservoir halfway up the mountain instead of at the 。 continual sunny days made the temperature soar ，氣溫驟然升高。如前文所述，句子是較為理想的漢英翻譯單位。所以漢語(yǔ)句子看似松散，如流水般無(wú)定法可依。因此，英語(yǔ)句法的特征是：主語(yǔ)突出、易于識(shí)別，且只能由名詞或名詞性的詞語(yǔ)擔(dān)任；謂語(yǔ)絕對(duì)受主語(yǔ)的支配，在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上面必須和主語(yǔ)保持一致，有時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的變化；句與句之間多以明示邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞相連。在漢譯英的實(shí)踐中，對(duì)主語(yǔ)的確定可采取三種處理方法：（1）以原句主語(yǔ)作譯文主語(yǔ)；（2）重新確定主語(yǔ)；（3）增補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)。I e from Beijing.（3）如果不適當(dāng)?shù)靥幚恚仩t及機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛排出的廢氣就會(huì)造成城市空氣污染。If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are “fundamental parts” of writings.（朱伯石《寫(xiě)作與語(yǔ)言》，李定坤譯）例6中，原文的主語(yǔ)“句子”不帶數(shù)的標(biāo)記，英譯時(shí)，其對(duì)應(yīng)詞sentence為可數(shù)名詞，譯者從語(yǔ)境和英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則考慮，選取了復(fù)數(shù)形式sentences，而不是單數(shù)的a sentence或the sentence，作為該句的主語(yǔ)。原文含兩個(gè)句子。譯文信息準(zhǔn)確，邏輯清晰，行文簡(jiǎn)潔明了。As a horse may tumble, so a man may make ，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)有變化：語(yǔ)序倒換了。直接將漢語(yǔ)原文主語(yǔ)作為英語(yǔ)譯文主語(yǔ)的做法最簡(jiǎn)潔方便，但它運(yùn)用的場(chǎng)合是有限的。在許多情況下，我們需要重新選擇和確定主語(yǔ)，以保證譯文邏輯通順、行文流暢、語(yǔ)言自然地道，行使與原文相似的功能。從形式上看，名詞“身材”是句中主語(yǔ)，但從隨后三個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容來(lái)看，“生一副大長(zhǎng)方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色”的應(yīng)該是“他”而不是“身材”。this quality is invaluable among colonial and semicolonial ，結(jié)構(gòu)上卻相對(duì)獨(dú)立的三個(gè)小句組成復(fù)句。s bones were the hardest。小船活像開(kāi)了水皮的一條打跳的梭魚(yú)。將The turn(of the century)替換原主語(yǔ)“中國(guó)”的譯文a，比照搬原主語(yǔ)的譯文b地道，有韻味。（16）胎又癟了。譯文中連主語(yǔ)帶謂語(yǔ)（We39。Here and there a few rays from streetlamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dozing.（朱自清《荷塘月色》，王椒升譯）（18）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 本節(jié)開(kāi)頭提到，漢語(yǔ)中，主語(yǔ)隱含不顯或無(wú)主語(yǔ)的情況時(shí)?？梢?jiàn)。When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.（劉鶚《老殘游記》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）原文主語(yǔ)被隱去。Silence, silence!Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!（魯迅《紀(jì)念劉和珍君》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）添補(bǔ)包括作者和讀者在內(nèi)的we作主語(yǔ)，成功地傳達(dá)了魯迅對(duì)反動(dòng)派屠殺進(jìn)步人士的憤慨，對(duì)國(guó)家及民眾前途和命運(yùn)的擔(dān)憂，還有他激勵(lì)人民奮起反抗的吶喊。s blowing ，如“下雨了”、“下雪了”、“打雷了”等。s thundering”。鉆進(jìn)去，幾個(gè)月，一年兩年，三年五年，總可以學(xué)會(huì)的。該例由典型的流水句組成。漢語(yǔ)句子中謂語(yǔ)成分五花八門(mén)，非常復(fù)雜，而英語(yǔ)句子中的謂語(yǔ)比較單一，只能由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)承擔(dān)。譯者根據(jù)語(yǔ)義傳達(dá)和行文構(gòu)句的需要，在確定譯文主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，也在考慮謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇，或者反過(guò)來(lái)，譯者可能先想好了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，再來(lái)選擇主語(yǔ)。此外，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)的搭配，連系動(dòng)詞和表語(yǔ)的搭配，以及這兩種搭配產(chǎn)生的修辭效果，也都影響和制約謂語(yǔ)的選擇。比較以下譯文：（1）中央政府不干預(yù)香港特別行政區(qū)的事務(wù)。（2）中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)將融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的大潮。（3）這事到了現(xiàn)在，還是時(shí)時(shí)記起。 turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic “主語(yǔ)的確定”部分講解過(guò)。而譯文b亦步亦趨地緊隨漢語(yǔ)原文，以China為主語(yǔ)，再按照語(yǔ)法要求，選擇了連系動(dòng)詞is（原文中亦無(wú)對(duì)應(yīng)表達(dá)）加表語(yǔ)very active作謂語(yǔ)。re opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took them .(I hear that you39。（7）在同新聞界談話的時(shí)候，上海人使用越來(lái)越多的最高級(jí)形容詞。不同的是，譯文a僅僅陳述事實(shí)，語(yǔ)氣比較客觀；而譯文b從旅游觀光者的角度表述，帶有一定的感情色彩。從表意的效果看，譯文b理想可取，而譯文a則不然。請(qǐng)看以下例句：（9）我又閑了一個(gè)多月啦！39。譯文b以to have no work譯之，采用“謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”的句式。 palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign 。（11）她們（指“時(shí)裝模特”）逐漸地鎮(zhèn)定下來(lái)，有了自信。而譯文b中的謂語(yǔ)regain一詞，根據(jù)同一詞典，意為get or win back，與該賓語(yǔ)搭配恰當(dāng)，在此是一個(gè)合適的選擇。譯文也由三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句組成，都采用動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)。譯者沒(méi)有機(jī)械照搬原文形式，重復(fù)運(yùn)用連系動(dòng)詞was+表語(yǔ)的形式，而將三個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)部分分別譯作was represented by，was marked by和was featured by。有鑒于此，強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)法意識(shí)，增強(qiáng)英語(yǔ)句法概念，顯得至關(guān)重要。隨后的謂語(yǔ)分別為e and go，和第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)加“s”的grows(green), yellows，與各自的主語(yǔ)一致，符合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.（魯迅《**》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)變化，時(shí)態(tài)概念通過(guò)詞匯手段來(lái)表達(dá)。He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.（17）河邊枯柳樹(shù)下的幾株瘦削的一丈紅，該是村女種的吧。 agriculture is in good shape and the peasants selfsupporting, then the 500 million people will feel agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are selfsupporting, then the 500 million people will feel ：原文第一、二小句并列在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，第三小句譯作了主句。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)用法，peasants后省略的也應(yīng)該是連系動(dòng)詞is，可這里作主語(yǔ)的peasants為復(fù)數(shù)，所以省略is的譯文a違背了主謂一致的原則，不符合英語(yǔ)規(guī)范。s shadow on the the sound in the winter night.（馮文炳《十二月十九夜》，李定坤譯）該例與例18情況類(lèi)似。（20）關(guān)于如何改進(jìn)市民的居住條件問(wèn)題市政府給予了充分重視。值得注意的是，有些學(xué)生將pay attention to短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，常常會(huì)錯(cuò)誤地構(gòu)句為：The housing conditions of the urban inhabitants has been paid full attention to by the municipal 。遵照英語(yǔ)句法對(duì)主謂一致和動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的要求，謂語(yǔ)分別譯為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的has和varies、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的is poured和將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的will take。語(yǔ)序指句子成分的排列次序，它是詞語(yǔ)和句子成分之間關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)，反映語(yǔ)言使用者的邏輯思維和心理結(jié)構(gòu)模式（陳宏薇，1998）。相異之處則表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言句內(nèi)和句間語(yǔ)序的靈活性以及定、狀語(yǔ)等次要成分位置的差異。換言之，施事、行為、受事的位置在漢語(yǔ)中比較自由，在英語(yǔ)中則通常比較固定。s literary ，施事、行為在后。The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to “一個(gè)人”為施事，“坐著”為行為；例3中“杭州西湖之秀美”為施事，“給他留下”為行為。 in the parks we often see people walk with caged birds in a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a mon scene in the early ，處在主語(yǔ)位置的“遛鳥(niǎo)者”實(shí)際上是受事，“時(shí)?？梢?jiàn)”是行為。（5）生日是自己長(zhǎng)大以后聽(tīng)家里人說(shuō)的，??I was told about my birthday by my fos