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美國(guó)痔診治指南(20xx版)-預(yù)覽頁(yè)

 

【正文】 , B級(jí)證據(jù)) 一 般 治 療 ? 便秘與大便習(xí)慣的改變是痔病癥狀發(fā)作的重要原因 ? 增加膳食纖維 [710]和水的攝入對(duì)改善輕中度痔病的脫垂和出血癥狀有顯著作用 ? 告知患者保持良好的大便習(xí)慣,比如避免努掙和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間排便,因?yàn)榕瑨旰烷L(zhǎng)時(shí)間排便能增加痔病的發(fā)生率 [11] [7] AlonsoCoello P, Guyatt G, HeelsAnsdell D, et al. Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst 。CD004077. [11] Johannsson HO, Graf W, Pahlman L. Bowel habits in hemorrhoid patients and normal subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022。40:14–17. [14] Hardy A, Chan CL, Cohen CR. The surgical management of haemorrhoids: a review. Dig Surg. 2022。92:1481–1487. 器械治療 —膠圈套扎法(一) ? 套扎器通常用 負(fù)壓式 和 鉗式 兩種,相比而言,負(fù)壓式套扎器在治療 Ⅱ 、Ⅲ 期痔時(shí),在疼痛耐受、鎮(zhèn)痛藥使用、操作過(guò)程出血等方面有顯著優(yōu)越性 [17] ? 總體來(lái)說(shuō),兩種套扎方式能被很好地耐受。14:6525–6530. [19] Iyer VS, Shrier I, Gordon PH. Longterm oute of rubber band ligation for symptomatic primary and recurrent internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022。3:124–126. [23] Kanellos I, Goulimaris I, Vkalis I, et al. Longterm evaluation of sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids: a prospective study. Int J Surg Investig. 2022。46:1232–1237. 器械治療 —硬化療法(一) ? 并發(fā)癥不多見(jiàn),最常見(jiàn)的是注射引起的輕度不適或出血;嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥很罕見(jiàn),包括直腸尿道瘺、直腸穿孔和壞死性筋膜炎,由注射位臵不當(dāng)或硬化劑過(guò)敏引起,這些并發(fā)癥在單獨(dú)行硬化注射和與膠圈套扎法同時(shí)應(yīng)用時(shí)均有發(fā)生。13:105. [30] Kaman L, Aggarwal S, Kumar R, Behera A, Katariya RN. Necrotizing fasciitis after injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999。10:312– 317. [34] Poen AC, FeltBersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Deville W, Meuwissen controlled trial of rubber band ligation versus infrared coagulation in the treatment of internal haemorrhoids. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022。( 1級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù)) 血栓性外痔 ? 盡管保守治療最終能夠緩解血栓性外痔的癥狀,但是手術(shù)切除能更快消除癥狀,且復(fù)發(fā)率更低,療效保持時(shí)間更長(zhǎng) [37,38] ? 大部分血栓性外痔切除術(shù)都可在治療室安全進(jìn)行,但痔核特別大的或者是蔓延至肛管的需在手術(shù)室行正規(guī)手術(shù) ? 應(yīng)避免使用手術(shù)刀行簡(jiǎn)單切開(kāi)引流,因這樣會(huì)使血栓重新形成的幾率更大,而且血栓可能更大并使癥狀更嚴(yán)重 [37] Greenspon J, Williams SB, Young HA, Orkin BA. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids: oute after conservative or surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022。48:108–113. [40] Gencosmanoglu R, Sad O, Koc D, Inceoglu R. Hemorrhoidectomy: open or closed technique? A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022。 45: 789794. [44] Nienhuijs S, de Hingh I. Conventional versus LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy for patients with symptomatic Database Syst Rev. 2022。50:1297– 1305.. 手術(shù)治療 —痔釘合術(shù)(一) ? 盡管痔釘合術(shù)有幾種獨(dú)有的并發(fā)癥(如直腸陰道瘺、吻合口出血),但總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率與傳統(tǒng)痔切除術(shù)相似 ? 一項(xiàng)薈萃分析(包括 2022位患者 )顯示,痔釘合術(shù)的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為 %,而傳統(tǒng)痔切除術(shù)為 % [47] ? 盡管小部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示取得成功 [48],但總體來(lái)說(shuō),痔釘合術(shù)對(duì)大的外痔或血栓性外痔是無(wú)效的 [47] Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (stapled hemorrhoidopexy). Dis Colon Rectum. 2022。48:2090– 2093. [51] Faucheron JL, Gangner Y. Dopplerguided hemorrhoidal artery ligation for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids: early and threeyear followup results in 100 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 20
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