曼昆經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理課件-預(yù)覽頁
【正文】 Accounting Profit Revenue Total opportunity costs How an Economist Views a Firm Explicit costs Economic profit Implicit costs Explicit costs Accounting profit How an Accountant Views a Firm Revenue 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與總成本 N u m b e r o fW o rk e rsO u t p u t M a rg i n a lP ro d u c t o fL a b o rC o s t o fF a c t o ryC o s t o fW o rk e rsT o t a l C o s t o fI n p u t s0 0 $30 $0 $301 50 50 30 10 402 90 40 30 20 503 120 30 30 30 604 140 20 30 40 705 150 10 30 50 80The Production Function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)（ The production function）展示了用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品的產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。 A Production Function... Quantity of Output (cookies per hour) 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Number of Workers Hired 0 1 2 3 4 5 Production function Diminishing Marginal Product ?生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的斜率測量了投入品的邊際產(chǎn)量，如勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量。 A Production Function and Total Cost N u m b e r o fW o rk e rsO u t p u t M a rg i n a lP ro d u c t o fL a b o rC o s t o fF a c t o ryC o s t o fW o rk e rsT o t a l C o s t o fI n p u t s0 0 $30 $0 $301 50 50 30 10 402 90 40 30 20 503 120 30 30 30 604 140 20 30 40 705 150 10 30 50 80Hungry Helen’s Cookie Factory TotalCost Curve... Total Cost $80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Quantity of Output (cookies per hour) 0 20 40 140 120 100 80 60 Totalcost curve 成本的各種衡量指標(biāo) 生產(chǎn)成本可以被分為固定成本與可變成本。 ?平均總成本是每單位產(chǎn)量的成本。 Cost Curves and Their Shapes $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Costs MC Cost Curves and Their Shapes 平均總成本曲線呈 U形 . ?當(dāng)產(chǎn)量水平很低時，平均總成本很高，因為固定成本分?jǐn)偟搅撕苌俚漠a(chǎn)量上。 Cost Curves and Their Shapes $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Total Costs ATC 邊際成本與平均總成本的關(guān)系 ?當(dāng)邊際成本低于平均成本時，平均成本下降。 MC ATC Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Costs 各種成本的計算 現(xiàn)在考察各種成本的計量及其內(nèi)在的關(guān)聯(lián)。 ?在短期，一些成本是固定的。 ?規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟（ Diseconomies of scale）指當(dāng)長期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而增加
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