【正文】 ering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular twoterm presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc39。s sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 39。 affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its thenailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a freetrade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, mitted thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation39。1618世紀(jì)，正在進(jìn)行資本原始積累的西歐各國相繼入侵北美洲。移民中有逃避戰(zhàn)禍和宗教迫害者，有自愿和非自愿的“契約奴”以及乞丐、罪犯；還有從非洲被販運(yùn)來的黑人。18世紀(jì)70年代英國進(jìn)一步執(zhí)行高壓政策，1770年波士頓慘案發(fā)生。1774年9月5日，除佐治亞外的各殖民地代表在費(fèi)城召開了第1屆大陸會議，通過了和英國斷絕一切貿(mào)易關(guān)系的決議,繼而通過“關(guān)于殖民地權(quán)利和怨恨的宣言”，向英王呈遞請愿書。獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭開始時，雙方實力懸殊，戰(zhàn)爭進(jìn)行了8年。印花稅條例 (Stamp Act) 波士頓慘案 (Boston Massacre) 大陸會議 (Continental Congress) 獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭 (War of lndependence) 獨(dú)立宣言 (Declaration of Independence)獨(dú)立的民族主權(quán)國家的建成（17811814）在戰(zhàn)爭過程中，大陸會議制訂了邦聯(lián)條例，17811787年13州組成了邦聯(lián)國會，宣布成立美利堅共和國。1788年6月由9個州批準(zhǔn)生效。1789年聯(lián)邦政府成立。1793年華盛頓在歐洲列強(qiáng)聯(lián)合干涉法國革命時，采取中立政策。1801年，民主共和黨T．杰斐遜出任總統(tǒng)。英艦在公海上繼續(xù)攔截美國船只，強(qiáng)制征用美國海員。但隨后美國取得勝利。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生了顯著變化，北部、南部經(jīng)濟(jì)沿著不同方向發(fā)展。此后，陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)其他工廠。1860年，美國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)居世界第4位。在西部新開辟的地區(qū)，是推廣自由勞動制還是奴隸制，南部和北部的代言人爭執(zhí)不休，成為全國政治斗爭的主題。18461848年，美國發(fā)動對墨西哥戰(zhàn)爭，把得克薩斯、新墨西哥和加利福尼亞并入美國領(lǐng)土。以后民主共和黨分裂，政治力量重新組合。政府廢除了貧民因負(fù)債而受監(jiān)禁的法令，普及了白人男子的普選權(quán)，并進(jìn)行了一些民主改革，習(xí)稱“杰克遜民主”。1840年，主張廢奴運(yùn)動的“自由黨”成立。1854年成立了共和黨，以反對奴隸制為宗旨。1859年J．布朗領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的反奴隸制的武裝起義被鎮(zhèn)壓。布朗起義 (John Brown39。1864年聯(lián)邦軍隊占領(lǐng)佐治亞的亞特蘭大，將南部同盟截成兩段，取得了決定的勝利。約翰遜對南部種植園主推行妥協(xié)政策。1867年3月，國會通過重新建設(shè)南部法案，對南部實行軍管。在中西部、遠(yuǎn)西部和南部日益開拓進(jìn)程中，各地區(qū)發(fā)展了具有本地特點的工業(yè)。農(nóng)業(yè)中大生產(chǎn)排擠和兼并小生產(chǎn)，在以工業(yè)為主的北部，農(nóng)業(yè)日益采用集約耕作，在其他地區(qū)，大農(nóng)場數(shù)字逐漸增加，1900年美國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品總數(shù)的一半是由1／6的大農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)的，形成了美國式農(nóng)業(yè)資本主義發(fā)展道路。美國成為高度發(fā)達(dá)的資本主義國家。美國在19041905年日俄戰(zhàn)爭中支持日本。該時期美國在對外政策上，對西半球墨西哥、尼加拉瓜等國進(jìn)行了武裝干涉。大戰(zhàn)期間由于國外移民中斷，黑人大量北移，并人伍出國作戰(zhàn)，開拓了視野。1921年共和黨W．G．哈定執(zhí)政，正值美國陷入全面經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。共和黨人C，柯立芝執(zhí)政時期是美國經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時期。羅斯福政府實行了由國家對經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行廣泛干預(yù)、調(diào)節(jié)的“新政”，整頓金融，復(fù)興工農(nóng)業(yè)，舉辦救濟(jì)事業(yè)等，挽救了美國的嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，并加強(qiáng)了國家壟斷資本主義。新政（New Deal） 睦鄰政策 （Good Neighbor Policy）第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間的美國1939年9月德國進(jìn)攻波蘭，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)全面爆發(fā)。次日，美英對日宣戰(zhàn)。 l942年1月1日，美、英、蘇、中等26個國家簽署《聯(lián)合國家宣言》。9月在意大利南部登陸。4月12日，羅斯福逝世，H．S．杜魯門繼任總統(tǒng)。美蘇就蘇軍對日作戰(zhàn)取得了一致意見。美國利用參戰(zhàn)的機(jī)會，控制了世界許多重要戰(zhàn)略據(jù)點，建立了軍事基地；杜魯門政府對外推行冷戰(zhàn)政策，提出杜魯門主義，制訂馬歇爾計劃，籌劃成立了北大西洋公約組織。1953年7月簽定了朝鮮停戰(zhàn)協(xié)定。1958年，美國發(fā)射人造地球衛(wèi)星，從而使美蘇軍備競賽進(jìn)入宇宙空間競爭。1955年12月，亞拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利市的黑人在M．L．金的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，進(jìn)行長達(dá)381天的抵制乘車方面種族隔離的運(yùn)動，黑人又在餐館展開靜坐運(yùn)動，以抗議這方面的種族隔離，民權(quán)運(yùn)動蓬勃興起。1961年黑人和白人公民共同展開“自由乘客”運(yùn)動，1963年4月，小馬丁在黑人民權(quán)運(yùn)動的推動下，國會于1964年6月通過民權(quán)法。1974年8月9日，尼克松因水門事件被迫辭職，副總統(tǒng)G．R．福特即就任第38屆總統(tǒng)。1972年5月，尼克松訪蘇，簽署了限制戰(zhàn)略武器條約。1986年11月，美國爆發(fā)了“伊朗門”事件，披露里根政府(成員)繞過國務(wù)院并隱瞞國會，于1985年至1986年秘密向伊朗出售武器，以換取美國人質(zhì)，并將其中所得款項，轉(zhuǎn)移給尼加拉瓜反政府武裝。美國出兵伊拉克。90年代末，在美國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，北約東擴(kuò)。1982年美國經(jīng)濟(jì)開始復(fù)蘇，轉(zhuǎn)入低速增長。 because the war that followed changed the future of the *British Empire and America. But the American Revolution, the movement to make an independent nation, began many years earlier.The causes of revolutionThe desire of Americans to be independent from Britain arose out of a long series of disagreements about money and political control. Britain had had colonies (= places taken over by people from a foreign country) in North America since 1607 and kept soldiers there to defend them from attack by the French and Spanish, and by *Native Americans. In order to raise money for this, the British *Parliament tried to make the colonists (= people who had gone to settle in America) pay taxes.From 1651, Britain passed a series of laws called Navigation Acts, which said that the colonists should trade only with Britain. These laws were frequently broken and were a continuing source of tension. Taxes imposed in the 18th century increased ill feeling towards Britain. In 1764 the Sugar Act made colonists pay tax on sugar, and in 1765 the *Stamp Act put a tax on newspapers and official documents. Opposition to this was strong and the following year Parliament had to remove the tax. By then, people in both America and Britain were arguing about who had the power to tax the colonies. The 13 colonies each had an assembly of elected representatives, and the colonists wanted these assemblies to decide what taxes they should pay, not Parliament. Some colonists, called patriots, began to want independence from Britain. They expressed their feelings in the slogan 39。 was fired.The Revolutionary WarThe Americans had the advantage of fighting at home, but Britain was a much stronger military power. There were victories and defeats on both sides during the seven years of war.The first aim of the American army led by George *Washington was to force the British, called *Redcoats because of the colour of their uniform, to leave Boston. On 17 June 1775 the British fought and won the Battle of *Bunker Hill, but they lost so many soldiers that their position in Boston was weak and in March 1776 they were forced to leave. The Continental Congress suggested that Britain and America should make an agreement, but Britain refused and so, on 4 July 1776, members of the Congress signed the *Declaration of Independence. This document, written by the future President Thomas *Jefferson, gave the Americans39。s birthday is celebrated as a national holiday. John *Hancock39。Give me liberty or give me death39。The Civil WarCauses of the warThe American Civil War was fought between the northern and southern states from 1861 to 1865. There were two main causes of the war. The first was the issue of *slavery: should Africans who had been brought by force to the US be used as slaves. The second was the issue of states39。...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth