【正文】 otaxis）。所謂形合：詞與句子的組合通過(guò)一定的外顯形態(tài)標(biāo)記來(lái)表現(xiàn)，連接詞用得多，詞本身有具有性、數(shù)、格的屈折變化。漢民族重視整體觀察、對(duì)事物進(jìn)行綜合把握。讀者以此可意會(huì)句間的各種關(guān)系，因此連接詞基本不用。中國(guó)中醫(yī)以“氣”和“血”綜合施治、統(tǒng)領(lǐng)治療，也是一個(gè)例子。例如：“我的文章就像一個(gè)丑八怪，不打扮，看上去還順眼”。這樣，翻譯成英語(yǔ)，就必須添加連接詞，通過(guò)英語(yǔ)的連接詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)出漢語(yǔ)句子內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系。這樣的譯文，沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但是顯然局限于漢語(yǔ)的思維和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，沒(méi)有按照英語(yǔ)的思維習(xí)慣和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯。又如：…頭上扎著白頭繩，烏裙，藍(lán)夾襖，月白背心，… She had a white mourning band round her hair and was wearing a black skirt, blue jacket and pale green bodice.（從漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)的搭配上講，“頭上”可以“扎著白頭繩”，但是“頭上”絕不可能也“扎”著“烏裙，藍(lán)夾襖，月白背心”。英語(yǔ)的譯文通過(guò)had和 was wearing兩個(gè)詞彌補(bǔ)了漢語(yǔ)的模糊意思。而翻譯時(shí)，我們必須先理清它的邏輯關(guān)系。 2）漢語(yǔ)意重于模糊思維，英語(yǔ)重于邏輯思維。增補(bǔ)連接詞的原因，是因?yàn)檫B接詞本身就是邏輯成分。這種形合特征是西方民族“形式邏輯”式思維方式的必然結(jié)果和客觀反映。這句漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有“馬”是一匹還是幾匹，是一種高度概括的思維。這說(shuō)明漢語(yǔ)的重概括和抽象，英語(yǔ)重具體和形式。這樣的翻譯，遠(yuǎn)不如Those who agree please signify by raising their hands更直譯。從這個(gè)道理上講“同意者舉手！”可以翻譯為：1．Those who agree please signify by raising their hands.2．People who agree please raise your hands.3．If you agree, please raise your hands4. He who agrees please raise his hand.5. Agree, hands up!上述譯文，似乎哪一個(gè)都對(duì)應(yīng)“同意者舉手！”這句話。句子里，由于漢語(yǔ)的模糊性，“學(xué)生”一詞沒(méi)有明確其“數(shù)”，因此翻譯時(shí)可以得到兩種句子： language student should have a good understanding of the country where the language is spoken. students should have a good understanding of the country where the language is spoken.請(qǐng)看下列句子錯(cuò)在哪：Over long period of time in our country, state enterprise is a main provider in respect to financial ine of nation. 此句正確答案為：Over a long period of time in our country, state enterprises are a main provider in respect to financial ine of the state.原文中l(wèi)ong period是個(gè)可數(shù)的名詞，絕不能原封不動(dòng)地用，它要么是單數(shù)要么是復(fù)數(shù)，而從漢語(yǔ)中卻看不出來(lái)。A horse is a useful animal.The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.2）英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，而在漢語(yǔ)里也都被“隱含”了，就是說(shuō)從漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞里，看不出動(dòng)作實(shí)施者的數(shù)量和動(dòng)作的時(shí)間，而英語(yǔ)卻要通過(guò)為動(dòng)詞增加內(nèi)部屈折詞綴（如s、es、ed、ing）來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)間。 we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.↓The application of book knowledge alone won’t bring you good results.例2．從心理方面來(lái)說(shuō)，到了老年，有兩種危險(xiǎn)傾向需要注意。例5．The pedestrian, after another pace or two, halted, and turned ，站住了腳，轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)。Chinese thinkers of the preQin days (over 2000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “l(fā)oving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country”. This is a reflection of the aspiration of the Chinese people for a peaceful world where people of all countries live in harmony.例9．中國(guó)民主革命的先行者孫中山首先提出了“振興中華”的口號(hào)，…Dr. SunYatsen, China’s forerunner in the democratic revolution, was the first to put forward the slogan of “rejuvenation of China”.例10．Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764.4）英語(yǔ)介詞用得多，簡(jiǎn)直就是prepositional language，而漢語(yǔ)很多情況下不用介詞。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)一個(gè)重要的外顯形態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)相反。The drillers go to another if they are disappointed at one place,…（一般實(shí)詞出現(xiàn)在主句子里，代詞出現(xiàn)在從句里）例2．In his book Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology, Neisser defines listening as a “temporally extended activity”… 在他的《認(rèn)知心里學(xué)的原理與意義》一書(shū)里，納賽爾將“聽(tīng)”定義為“暫時(shí)延長(zhǎng)了的行為”…例3．好萊塢從以存在外星生命形式的假想為基礎(chǔ)拍攝的電影中掙到了很多錢；現(xiàn)在，阿米爾?阿克澤爾也開(kāi)始著手證明外星生命確實(shí)存在了。Her dress is so beautiful, so is Mary’s.（so代替了前邊的形容詞beautiful）例6．這里與老家科羅拉多的情況一點(diǎn)也不一樣。 China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental shelves and exclusive economic zones ( EEZs)，as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. （as代替了前邊整個(gè)一句。A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale. ( but none so much as the whale等于but none of them yield so much oil as the whale does)例12．這種油可以用來(lái)開(kāi)坦克、開(kāi)飛機(jī)、開(kāi)軍艦、開(kāi)汽車、開(kāi)柴油機(jī)，……the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships, motorcars and diesel lootives,…（英語(yǔ)就一個(gè)drive帶五個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)把drive 分別說(shuō)出來(lái)）例13．我常常立在這長(zhǎng)案旁邊，吃我的簡(jiǎn)單早餐── 一包巧克力糖。(英語(yǔ)里只說(shuō)一次remember，漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)了三次“記得”)例15．臘月二十三灶王爺上天，后臺(tái)封上戲箱，要等到年初一開(kāi)戲。( but none so much as the whale等于but none of them yield so much oil as the whale does.)例17．Similarly, a section that begins with a paragraph outlining the main points it is going to deal with is easier to follow than one that does ，一個(gè)章節(jié)如果以一個(gè)列出了各主要論點(diǎn)的段落開(kāi)始論述，那么它就比沒(méi)有列出主要論點(diǎn)的章節(jié)更容易讓人讀懂。）例19．……setting aside big tracts of land where nobody can fish, shoot, hunt, nor harm a single living creature with furs, fins or feathers.……圈出大片土地，不準(zhǔn)釣魚(yú)，不準(zhǔn)打鳥(niǎo)，不準(zhǔn)打獵，凡是長(zhǎng)皮毛的或者長(zhǎng)鰭的動(dòng)物，一概不許傷害。英語(yǔ)里，一般同一句話不重復(fù)用詞。這就要求在寫英語(yǔ)句子的時(shí)候，必須把漢語(yǔ)里“隱含”的連接詞明示出來(lái)。 China endeavors to increase its grain production so that its selfsufficiency rate of grain under normal conditions will be above 95 percent and the net import rate 5 percent, or even less, of the total consumption quantity.（“中國(guó)將努力促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)糧食生產(chǎn)”的目的，是為了“在正常情況下，糧食自給率不低于95%，凈進(jìn)口量不超過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)量的5%”，因此，英譯時(shí)加上so that，以體現(xiàn)前后的“動(dòng)作+目的”的關(guān)系）例4．目前，農(nóng)業(yè)科技在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)增產(chǎn)中的貢獻(xiàn)率約為35%，世界上農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在60%以上。）（英語(yǔ)如妖艷的貴婦人，打扮精細(xì)到每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，漢語(yǔ)像內(nèi)涵深刻、言簡(jiǎn)意賅、神閑氣靜的博學(xué)之士，不必事事言出。這越來(lái)越被認(rèn)為是首選而非最后的選擇了。例4. （選自《新概念英語(yǔ)》第四冊(cè)第34課）Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child.本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“信任”?！馎s the scheme progressed, it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the program’s losing momentum and finally ceasing.●A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. 歐洲交通與環(huán)境聯(lián)盟1993年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，就所遭受的客觀的社會(huì)損失（如擁塞、污染、農(nóng)田和自然棲息地的消失、自然資源的損耗等）而言，汽車交通比軌道交通的代價(jià)高出六倍。例1．在播種面積相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的前提下，只要1996——2010年糧食單產(chǎn)年均遞增1%， 2010——%, 就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)。此處的“沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)”其實(shí)是說(shuō)，因?yàn)榍昂箨P(guān)系很明顯，所以主語(yǔ)被“隱含”了。（英語(yǔ)I wonder what they use today里的they到了漢語(yǔ)里，被“隱含”了，因?yàn)?，前邊說(shuō)過(guò)They，再提到時(shí)就不重復(fù)說(shuō)“他們”了。例1．This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the ‘happy few’ during the past centuries. 例2．Impossible is nothing.例3．He has not been here until 9 pm.例4．No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to “buy” an education for his child.例5．Unfort