【正文】 th the parison of body language in the two countries, we can divine the whole from a part.2. Nonverbal munication Definition of nonverbal munication Communication is far more than speech and writing. Most people are rarely aware that they are municating in many different ways even when they are not speaking. They rarely learn about this mostly nonverbal munication even though it is very important for effective interaction with others. Growing up in a society, they learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice, and other auxiliary munication devices to alter or emphasize what they say and do. They acpany their speeches with various movements of their bodies, their heads and their hands. In some extreme cases, people can municate by not doing anything at all, just by silence (Mehrabian, 1970).According to L. A. Malandro (1983), “nonverbal munication will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in bination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context”. Nonverbal munication is defined as the exchange of messages primarily through nonlinguistic means, including: kinesics (body language), facial expressions and eye contact, tactile munication, space and territory, environment, paralanguage (vocal but nonlinguistic cues), and the use of silence and time (Hu Wenzhong, Bi Jiwan, 1999). Nonverbal munication is munication without words. It can be viewed as occurring whenever an individual municates without the use of sounds. Categories of nonverbal munication Categories currently exist to provide an idea of the behaviors that constitute nonverbal munication. There are seven classes, also known as codes, of nonverbal signals. Codes are distinct, organized means of expression that consist of both symbols and rules for their use. Although these codes are presented within classes, they occur together and are naturally integrated with verbal expression. The nonverbal codes include ():kinesics—messages sent by the body, including gestures, facial expression, body movement, posture, gaze, and gait.vocalics (., paralinguistic)—vocal cues other than words, including volume, rate, pitch, pausing, and silence.physical appearance—manipulative cues related to the body, including hairstyle, clothing, cosmetics, and fragrance.haptics—contact cues, such as frequency, intensity, and type of touch.proxemics—spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other spacing relationships.chronemics—the use of time as a message system, including punctuality, amount of time spent with another and waiting time.artifacts—manipulable objects in the environment that may reflect messages from the designer or user, such as furniture, art, pets, or other possessions.While these categories provide a framework from which to conceptualize nonverbal munication, it is, in reality, a bination of cues and codes that work together to produce a certain meaning. It is inefficient to look at one cue or code for specific meaning.Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another. However, most of us fail to realize that a great deal of our munication is of a nonverbal form as opposed to the oral and written forms. Nonverbal munication includes facial expressions, eye contacts, tone of voice, body postures and motions, and positioning within groups. It may also include the way we wear our clothes or the silence we keep. According to occasions, it can be divided into public and private。WhistlingPretty woman, cheering at sporting events, applauding performances.Nodding and shaking the head.Yes and NoExtend the forefinger and make a circular motion near the temple or ear.Something or someone is “crazy”.Gestures prise a major form of nonverbal munication. The above examples tell us how Americans use gestures when greeting, touching and beckoning others. There are many gestures only existing in one culture without equivalent in other cultures. For example, the American gesture, which means “no, don’t do that” by moving the index finger from side to side with the forefinger up and others closed, is not used in China. To express doubt, helplessness or baffle, people who live in America often shrug their shoulders. However, this gesture is seldom used in China. TouchingPhysical contact is a spatial behavior. Even a handshake tells much about an individual’s character. In general, the meaning of touching depends on the situations, cultures, sex, and age. Research in the area of touching behavior suggests that use of touch carries very strong overtones of emotion in most cultures. However, the types of touch which are permissible or even encouraged in one culture can be totally unacceptable in another culture.For example, Chinese would think it is normal for two male friends or female friends to hold hands or walk arminarm. And when two close classmates, colleagues or friends meet after a period of absence, if they are female, they would hold hands and greet each other affectionately。 makes people embarrassed, selfconsciousDisapproval, hissing“Shhh” Calling for silenceSeldom used。 similar to scratching, but with the forefinger straight (usually with the remark“shame on you!”)Forefinger of each hand extended, palms down in front of one’s body。 nonverbal way of saying a strong “No”(2)Body LanguageMeaning in ChinaTouching or pointing to tip one’s ownnose with raised forefinger “It’s me” “I’m the one” (To Westerners,the gesture would seem slightly funny) Using an open hand to cover one’s mouth while speaking (generally used by older people) To show confidentiality and secrecy