【正文】 d, can recourse right be effected. Titles to a negotiable instrument ? British law UK Bills of Exchange Act of 1882 US Uniform Commercial Code of 1962, Article 3 ? French and German law ? Uniform law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes of Geneva of 1930 ? Convention Providing a Uniform Law for International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes and Convention Providing a Uniform law for International Checks United Nations 1988 ? Negotiable Instrument Law of People’s Republic of China Negotiable instrument laws ? Concept ? Essential items required in a bill of exchange ? Acts relating to a bill of exchange ? Classification of bills of exchange ? Practice of bills of exchange Bill of exchange ? section 3, bill of exchange act, 1882,UK A Bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or the order of a specified person or to bearer. definition ?匯票是由一個(gè)人 （ drawer） ?向另一個(gè)人簽發(fā)的 (drawee)/受票人 ?無(wú)條件的 unconditonal ?書面命令 order in writing ?要求其在見(jiàn)票時(shí)或在未來(lái)某一規(guī)定的或可以確定的時(shí)間 (tenor) ?將一定金額的款項(xiàng)支付給某一特定的人或指定的人，或持票人 (payee) ? Absolutely necessary items ? Relatively necessary items ? Items at will Essential items required in a bill of exchange ? 出票（ Issue） ? 背書（ Endorsement） ? 提示（ Presentation） ? 承兌（ Acceptance） ? 保證（ Guarantee or Aval） ? 付款（ Payment） ? 拒付（ Dishonor） ? 追索（ Recourse） ? 參加承兌和參加付款（ Acceptance/Payment for honor) Acts relating to a bill of exchange ? According to the drawer: Banker’s draft and trader’s draft ? According to the acceptor: Banker’s acceptance and trader’s acceptance ? According to the tenor Demand draft/sight draft and time/usance draft ? According to whether mercial documents are attached thereto Clean draft and documentary draft Classification of bills of exchange ? Discounting of a bill of exchange ? Acmodation bill融通匯票 Practice of bills of exchange ? Discounting is to sell a time bill already accepted by the drawee but not yet fallen due to a financial institution at a price less than its face value. ? Calculating formula： D=Vх tх d/360 N= V D D:discount interest V:face value t:tenor d:discounting rate(n% .) N: proceeds ? Creditworthiness: ? Standing of the drawer and the accepter ? Drawn clause showing the reason for issuing the draft Discounting of bills of exchange 被融通人開出融通匯票，沒(méi)有付給對(duì)價(jià)，要求融通人（高資信的非債務(wù)人）承兌匯票（提高匯票的信用身價(jià)以便貼現(xiàn)），再交給貼現(xiàn)人予以貼現(xiàn)，獲得票款；等到匯票到期日前，被融通人應(yīng)把足額票款交給承兌人，此時(shí)貼現(xiàn)人向承兌人提示要求付款，承兌人使用被融通人交來(lái)資金付款給貼現(xiàn)人，結(jié)清這筆融資業(yè)務(wù)。 ? UK Bills of Exchange Act of 1882, Article 83 A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer. ? Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory notes of Geneva of 1930 Meaning of Promissory note ? The word “promissory note” ? An unconditional promise to pay ? Name of the payee ? Signature of the maker ? Place and date of issue ? Tenor ? A sum certain in money ? Place of payment Essential items of a promissory note ? An order to pay amp。s Notes） ? Negotiable certificates of deposit ? Various bonds Types ? Concept and essential items ? Difference between a bill and a cheque ? Types Cheques ? 出票人簽發(fā)的，委托辦理支票存款業(yè)務(wù)的銀行或其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)在見(jiàn)票時(shí)無(wú)條件支付確定金額給持票人或收款人的票據(jù)。 one copy Difference between a bill and a cheque ? 劃線支票（ crossed check):a crossing is in effect an instruction by the drawer or holder to the paying bank to pay the fund to bank only instead of over the counter of the paying bank. 現(xiàn)金支票 (open check) ? 保付支票（ certified check) Types ? A check is certified by the drawee bank. Once a check is certified by the drawee bank, all other obligors on the check will be discharged of the liability of the payment. ?保付 amp。 at 60 days from *** Relatively necessary items ? 利息、利率及匯率 （ interest ， interest and exchange rate） ? 提示期限（ Limit of time for presentation） ? 出票依據(jù)（ Drawn Clause） ? 免作退票通知或放棄拒絕證書（ Notice of Dishonor Excused or Protest Waived） ? 付一不付二 ? 預(yù)備付款人（ Referee in case of need） Items at will Comprises : 1） to draw and sign a bill。date。我國(guó)則是規(guī)定拒絕證明及其等效形式 有： ? 承兌人或付款人出具的拒絕承兌書、拒絕付款書及退票理由書； ? 承兌人、付款人或代理付款銀行直接在匯票上記載提示日期、拒絕事由及拒絕日期并蓋章； ? 承兌人或付款人死亡、逃匿的有關(guān)證明（如死亡證明、失蹤證明等）； ? 人民法院的有關(guān)司法文書（如破產(chǎn)裁定書）；有關(guān)行政主管部門的處罰決定。 ? clean payment。 (2)receipt (3)sends . /telex/SWIFT instructing paying bank to make payment (4)after authenticating, notifies the payee (5)upon receipt, the payee provides the paying bank a receipt (6)the paying bank debited the remitting bank’s a/c and make payment (7)sends the debit advice and payment receipt from payee to the remitting bank (8)the debt is discharged (8) remitter payee Remitting bank Paying bank 1) D/D application 2)Bank demand draft 3)bank demand draft 4)Presenting 5)payment 6)Debit advice Collecting bank ? 銀行開出的以票面貨幣清算中心城市的銀行為付款行的匯票。 Draft on center ? According to the time of shipment and of payment : ? 預(yù)付貨款 (payment in advance) :pay at the time of order(cash with order) or prior to shipment of the goods, monly used in specialized and capital intensive goods. ? 貨到付款（ payment after arrival of goods :also called open account, say, cash on delivery/交貨付現(xiàn)。事后追償，對(duì)方早已人去樓空。 Characteristics of a L/C ? the ICC Banking Commission on 25 October, 20