【正文】 ) persuasion or by force 6 construct v. build (sth)。s share of (money, help, advice, etc) to help a joint cause controversy n. ~ public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagreewith convene v. summon to e together。 collective correspond v. ~ be in agreement。 decisive culture n. refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc currency n. money system in use in a country cycle n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order data n. facts or information used in deciding or discussing sth debate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often ending in a vote decade n. period of ten years decline v. say `no39。 not doubtful demonstrate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence denote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth)。 8 differentiate v. ~ between A and B。 distinct discriminate v. ~ ~ A from B see or make a difference (between two things) displace v. move from the usual or correct place display v. ~ sth put sth on show dispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way。 make sth effective enhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look better enormous adj. very large。 mistake establish v. set up on a firm or permanent basis estate n. area of land, esp in the country, with one owner estimate n. judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sth ethic n. system of moral principles。 clear evolve v. (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) gradually exceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity) exclude v. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc。 ing last 11 finance n. management of money finite adj. having bounds。 essential furthermore adv. in addition。 level of classification grant v. agree to give or allow (what is asked for) guarantee n. ~ (against sth) promise (usu in writing) that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilled 12 guideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actio hence adv. from this time hierarchy n. system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highest highlight n. best, most interesting or most exciting part of something hypothesis n. idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigation identical adj. the ~ the same identify v. ~ sb/sth as sb/sth show, prove, etc who or what sb/sth is。 statue immigrate v. ~ enter a foreign country in order to live there permanently impact n. hitting of one object against another implement n. tool or instrument implicate v. ~ sb show that sb is involved in sth, esp a crime implicit adj. ~ implied, but not expressed directly。 include index n. list of names or topics referred to in a book, etc, usu arranged at the end in alphabetical order indicate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth, esp by pointing individual adj. single。 first initiate v. put (a scheme, etc) into operation。 deep understanding inspect v. examine (sth) closely instance n. ~ particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times。 ~ A and B/~ A with B bine sth in such a way that it bees fully a part of sth else integrity n. quality of being honest and morally upright intelligence n. power of learning, understanding and reasoning。s action involve v. make necessary as a condition or result。 outflow item n. single article or unit in a list, etc job n. the patience of job journal n. newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject justify v. show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or just label n. piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner, destination, etc labour n. physicalor mental work 15 layer n. thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division lecture n. ~ (on sth) talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class, often as part of a teaching programme legal adj. of or based on the law legislate v. ~ make laws levy v. ~ sth (on sb) collect (a payment, etc) by authority or force。 great(er) manipulate v. control or handle with skill manual adj. of, done with or controlled by the hands margin n. blank space round the written or printed matter on a page mature adj. fully grown or developed mentally or physically。 of curing disease medium n. (pl usu media) means by which sth is expressed or municated mental adj. of, in or to the mind method n. way migrate v. ~ (to...) move from one place to go to live or work in another military adj. of or for soldiers or an army。 however。 in spite of nuclear adj. of a nucleus, esp of an atom objective adj. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions。 clear occupy v. live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc) occur v. e into being as an event or a process。 balance sth ongoing adj. continuing to exist or progress option n. power or freedom of choo