【正文】 then Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise. Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery es when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to de business. 3The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that A、 large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment B、 small species survived as large animals disappeared C、 large sea animals may face the same threat today. D、 Slowgrowing fish outlive fastgrowing ones 3who can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that A、 the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90% B、 there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago C、 the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount D、 the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old 3By saying these figures are conservative (line in ,paragragf3), Dr worm means that A、 fishing technology has improved rapidly B、 then catchsizes are actually smaller then recorded C、 the marine bio mass has suffered a greater loss D、 the date collected so far are pit pf date. 34 、Dr Myers and other researchers hold that A、people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time B、fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass C、the ocean biomass should restored its original level. D、people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation. 3The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ A、 management efficiency B、 biomass level C、 catchsize limits D、 technological application. Text 4 Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists39。s flowers of evil. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it39。s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks， you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.　　What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses： a） certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. b） winterborn bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c） soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. d） none of the above.　　Anders Ericsson， a 58yearold psychology professor at Florida State University， says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden， and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago， involved memory： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving， and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”　　This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined， led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words， whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully， Ericsson determined， was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather， it involves setting specific goals， obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on oute.　　Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits， including soccer. They gather all the data they can， not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion： the trait we monly call talent is highly overrated. Or， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or puter programming are nearly always made， not born.　　[410 words]　　21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to　　[A] stress the importance of professional training.　　[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.　　[C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance.　　[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.