【正文】 優(yōu)化閱讀教學(xué) 深化閱讀教學(xué) 閱讀教學(xué)的目的 Read to learn？ Learn to read？ 什么是閱讀教學(xué)？ 閱讀教學(xué)實(shí)際上就是“ 教學(xué)生閱讀 ”（ teach students to read）。(閱讀教學(xué)的目的是什么 ?) 請(qǐng)思考： 閱讀教學(xué)的目的是什么？ 閱讀教學(xué)的目的： 1 Reading for information 2 Reading for developing reading skills 3 Reading for learning the language 4 Reading for pleasure 5 Reading for developing writing skills microskills reading ability 閱讀教學(xué)的最終目的： independent and efficient reader 請(qǐng)思考 ： 獨(dú)立而高效的閱讀者應(yīng)具有哪些閱讀策略和技能？ 主要閱讀策略 1 . Reading with a purpose 2. Activate prior knowledge 3. Adjust reading rate / rereading 4. Ask questions: before, during amp。 語篇分析 (discourse analysis) 是整體閱讀教學(xué)的核心，也是閱讀與寫作教學(xué)整合的根本基礎(chǔ)，因此閱讀整體教學(xué)應(yīng)首先從語篇分析入手?？傊浅骄渥訉用娴恼Z義單位。 什么是語篇分析 （ discourse analysis / text analysis)？ 狹義的理解： 從整體理解語篇內(nèi)容入手，分析句子與句子之間，段落與段落之間的銜接方式和邏輯思維的連貫方式，它不同于傳統(tǒng)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析，它重視語言所表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)特色，使讀者具有統(tǒng)覽全篇的能力，掌握文本的主題，同時(shí)掌握句子在表達(dá)篇章整體意義上所起的作用。 中西方不同的思維模式 : 西方的思維模式基本上是“ 直線型 ” (linear)，先概括，后細(xì)節(jié)；先抽象，后具體；先綜合，后分析。 思維模式 1：一般 特殊型（ general –particular pattern） 這種思維模式在英語中是最常見，最具代表性的，它充分體現(xiàn)了西方人的 線性思維 模式。 這種模式多見于敘事性文體和說明文。語篇內(nèi)句與句之間在概念上有聯(lián)系，在排列上符合邏輯。 連貫 是指句與句之間在意義上具有合乎邏輯的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，語義表述思路清晰 ,意義關(guān)系首尾貫通，使交際對(duì)方容易得到要領(lǐng)。 語篇之所以成為語篇不在于它的語法性，而在于它的語義關(guān)聯(lián)性。 一、語法銜接 語法銜接包括 照應(yīng) ， 替代 和 省略 三種形式： 1 照應(yīng)（ Reference ） 照應(yīng)是指用人稱代詞或指示代詞等語法手段來表示一種語義關(guān)系，也就是用代詞代替前文提到的人或事，前后形成照應(yīng)關(guān)系，便于閱讀。這是一種重要語言表達(dá)手段，常用 one, ones, the same等。t let you in. 3) 分句性替代 (clausal substitution) A： Has Mary passed the math exam? B： Well, I think so. A： Look at the clouds. It looks like rain. B： I am afraid so. 3 省略 (ellipsis) 省略是指為了避免重復(fù)，突出主要信息，對(duì)語言結(jié)構(gòu)中的某個(gè)成分省去不提。 but recognize the opportunity. 危機(jī) = 危 險(xiǎn) +機(jī) 遇 二、 詞匯銜接 (lexical cohesion) 詞匯銜接是指：語篇中的一些詞在上下文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或由其他詞匯替代的現(xiàn)象。邏輯連接可分以下 10類 : 請(qǐng)看以下邏輯銜接的功能及其語篇標(biāo)記 (discourse markers)。我國學(xué)者一般認(rèn)為銜接是詞匯和語法方面的手段，連貫是采用這些手段所得到的結(jié)果。語篇中的其他部分都是這個(gè)主題的一部分，而且是為這個(gè)主題服務(wù)的。 除了常規(guī)的練習(xí)形式： 1 單項(xiàng)選擇 2 判斷正誤 3 回答問題 4 填寫表格 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)以下幾個(gè)方面的練習(xí)： 1. 判斷指代關(guān)系（ Identifying refering pronouns) 2. 信息轉(zhuǎn)換（ Information transfer) 3. 區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)（ Identifying facts and opinions) 4. 把握順序 (Sequencing) 5. 做結(jié)論 (Drawing conclusions) 6. 找出不合邏輯的句子 Detect the semantic noise. 7. 完型填句 Fill in the blanks with sentences. 8. 拼圖式閱讀 Jigsaw reading 9. 判斷與推理 Making inferences 10. 判斷因果關(guān)系 Identifying cause and effect 1. 判斷指代關(guān)系 Identifying refering pronouns What does each of the cloured word refer to? In some science fiction movies, people in the future have their own robots. These robots are just like humans. They help with the housework and do the most unpleasant jobs. Some scientists believe that there will be such robots in the future. However, they agree it may take hundreds of years. 1) The word they in the third line refers to ______. A. The movies. B. The robots. C. The people. D. The jobs. 2) The word they in the 6th line refers to ______. A. The robots. B. The people. C. The scientists. C. The movies. ... In the future, there will be more robots everywhere, and humans will have less work to do. New robots will have many different shapes. Some will look like humans, and others might look like snakes. After an earthquake, a snake robot could help look for people under buildings. That may not seem possible now, space rockets and even electric toothbrushes seemed impossible a hundred years ago. We never know what will happen in the future! 2 信息轉(zhuǎn)換 Information transfer Read the passage and draw lines to connect the countries with the ways of gift giving. Gift giving is different in different countries. In Japan, people sometimes give special gifts. But they are not opened. Later, the same gift may be given away to someone else. Many people have enough things and don39。 eating habbits are strange. B. ostriches are interesting animals. C. ostriches can not fly. D. ostriches have strong stomachs. 另外一種表述： Choose the statement that is a fact. A. B. C. Choose the statement that is an opinion. A. B. C. 4. 把握順序 Sequencing 包括時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序、行為順序等。t want people to see him. [B] Manuel Garcia had stomach cancer. The doctors told him, you need chemotherapy to stop the cancer. Manuel went to the hospital for chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is strong medicine. After a few weeks of chemotherapy, Manuel39。m ready for anytying. he says. [E] One day Manuel 39。s doctor D Maun