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ng Pricing Strategies Pricing strategies usually change as the product passes through its life cycle. The introductory stage is especially challenging. We can distinguish between pricing a product that imitates existing products and pricing an innovative product that is patent protected. A pany that plans to develop an imitative new product faces a productpositioning problem. It must decide where to position the product versus positioning strategies. First, the pany might decide to use a premium pricing peting products in terms of quality and price. Figure shows four possible strategy producing a highquality product and charging the highest price. At the other extreme, it might decide on an economy pricing strategy producing a lowerquality product, but charging a low price. These strategies can coexist in the same market as long as the market consists of at least two groups of buyers, those who seek quality and those who seek price. Thus, TagHeuer offers very highquality sports watches at high prices, whereas Casio offers digital watches at almost throwaway prices. Companies bringing out an innovative, patentprotected product face the challenge of setting prices for the first time. They can choose between two strategies: marketshimming pricing and marketperation pricing. (1) MarketSkimming Pricing Many panies that invent new products initially set high prices to 39。s price often has to he changed when the product is part of a product mix. In this case, the firm looks for a set of prices that maximizes the profits on the total product mix. Pricing is difficult because the various products have related demand and costs, and face different degrees of petition. (1) Product Line Pricing Companies usually develop product lines rather than single products. For example, Merloni39。t realize how valuable their byproducts are. For example, most Zoos don39。t even know how much manure they are producing or the cost of disposing of it, 39。valentines) available in 160 zoo stores and 700 additional retail outlets. For the longterm market, ZooDoo looks to organic gardeners who buy15 to 70 pounds of manure at a time. Zoo Doo is already planning a 39。. which means that although payment is due within 30 days, the buyer can deduct 2 per cent if the hill is paid within 10 days. The discount must be granted to all buyers meeting these terms. Such discounts are customary in many industries and help to improve the sellers39。twelve for the price of eleven39。offpeak39。s marketing mix. In setting prices, panies must carefully consider a great many internal and external factors before choosing a price that will give them the greatest petitive advantage in selected target markets. However, panies are not usually free to charge whatever prices they wish. Several laws restrict pricing practices and a number of ethical considerations affect pricing decisions. Pricing strategies and tactics also depend upon the way that we pay for things. Increasingly what we spend does not depend on how much money we have on us or how much we earned that week. These days our money is rarely something we sec or feel; it is the electronic transmission of data between files. Also, as currency is being an increasingly small part of our lives, barter is ing back in international and interpersonal dealing. Marketing Highlight 17, 3 tells more about how money is changing. 10 中文譯文: 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)原理 第一節(jié) 新產(chǎn)品定價(jià)策略 定價(jià)策略在產(chǎn)品生命周期的不同階段常常要改變 , 尤其是產(chǎn)品的新生期極具挑戰(zhàn)性 。 在另一個(gè)極端 , 它可能使用經(jīng)濟(jì)定價(jià)策略 , 生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量低一些的產(chǎn)品 , 定價(jià)較低 。 一 、 撇脂式定價(jià)法 許多公司發(fā)明了新產(chǎn)品 , 開(kāi)始時(shí)都使用撇脂式定價(jià)法 , 以便一步步地在市場(chǎng)上爭(zhēng)取收入 。 當(dāng)新產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售 的速度降下來(lái)時(shí) , 或當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者即將推出類(lèi)似芯片時(shí) , 英特爾公司降低價(jià)格 , 吸引市場(chǎng)上那些對(duì)價(jià)格十分敏感的消費(fèi)者 。 最后 , 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者沒(méi)有可能很容易地進(jìn)入市場(chǎng) , 以同樣價(jià)格參加競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 。 例如 , 德?tīng)柟?(Dell)和蓋特衛(wèi)公司 (Gateway)使用 11 滲透式定價(jià)方法 , 為高質(zhì)量計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)品定價(jià) , 再通過(guò)低成本郵寄渠道分銷(xiāo) 。 有幾種條件對(duì)制定低價(jià)格有利 。 例如 , 當(dāng) IBM 公司和康柏公司建立了自己的分銷(xiāo)渠道后 , 德?tīng)柟竞蜕w特衛(wèi)公司的處境就很困難了 。 一 、 產(chǎn)品系列定價(jià) 公司通常會(huì)開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列 , 而不是一個(gè)單一產(chǎn)品 。 柯達(dá)公司的這些品牌產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格和感光速度都不一樣 。 如果成本差別比價(jià)格差別要小 , 這種情況下會(huì)增加公司的利潤(rùn) 。 為這些備選產(chǎn)品定價(jià)是很棘手的問(wèn)題 , 汽車(chē)公司必須決定哪些產(chǎn)品包括 12 在汽車(chē)基礎(chǔ)價(jià)格里 , 哪些作為備選產(chǎn)品 。 現(xiàn)在 , 廣告上的價(jià)格通常代表一輛裝備完好的汽車(chē) 。 寶麗來(lái)公司 (Polaroid)照相機(jī)的定價(jià)很低 , 主要靠膠片賺錢(qián) 。 如果副產(chǎn)品沒(méi)有價(jià)值 ,或者丟掉這些副產(chǎn)品的成本很高 , 會(huì)影響主體產(chǎn)品的定價(jià) 。 五 、 成組產(chǎn)品定價(jià) 使用成組產(chǎn)品定價(jià)方法 (ProductBundle Pricing), 銷(xiāo)售者一般將幾種產(chǎn)品歸在一起 , 并為這些成組產(chǎn)品制定一個(gè)較低的價(jià)格 。 第三節(jié) 價(jià)格調(diào)整策略 公司通常調(diào)整基礎(chǔ)價(jià)格 , 以便適應(yīng)不同消費(fèi)者和變化著的形勢(shì) 。 所有達(dá)到這些條件的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者 , 必須都能享受這種折扣 , 許多行業(yè)都實(shí)行這種折扣 , 它能幫助購(gòu)買(mǎi)者緩解資 金緊張 , 同時(shí)也能減少呆賬和收賬費(fèi)用 。 折扣刺激客戶(hù)從一個(gè)銷(xiāo)售者處購(gòu)買(mǎi)更多的產(chǎn)品 , 而不必分散地通過(guò)許多渠道購(gòu)買(mǎi) 。季節(jié)折扣 (Seasonal Discount)是對(duì)過(guò)季購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品或服務(wù)的客戶(hù)提供的一種折扣 。 折讓 (Allowance)是價(jià)格表上的另一種降價(jià)方式 。 二 、 子市場(chǎng)定價(jià) 公司調(diào)整基礎(chǔ)價(jià)格 , 以便適應(yīng)不同的消費(fèi)者 、 產(chǎn)品和銷(xiāo)售地點(diǎn) 。 —— 產(chǎn)品形式定價(jià) : 不同版本的產(chǎn)品 , 制定不同的價(jià)格 , 但不以成本為標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 。 —— 地點(diǎn)定價(jià) : 不同地點(diǎn) , 即使銷(xiāo)售的成本是一樣的 , 產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格不同 。 子市場(chǎng)定價(jià)策略要想有效 , 一些條件是十分必要的 。 銷(xiāo)售者有時(shí)也使用特殊事件定價(jià)策略 , 在特殊時(shí)節(jié)吸引顧客來(lái)店里 。 近來(lái) , 汽車(chē)制造商 、 耐用消費(fèi)品和小型家用電器制造商 , 經(jīng)常使 用現(xiàn)金回扣的方法 。 定價(jià)的策略和方法形成了公司市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)組合的一個(gè)重要部分 。