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機械畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯--故障的分析、尺寸的決定以及凸輪的分析和應(yīng)用-預(yù)覽頁

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【正文】 t experiencing creep are permanently altered. Thus, if a part operates with tight clearances, the design engineer must accurately predict the amount of creep that will occur during the life of the machine. Otherwise, problems such binding or interference can occur. Creep also can be a problem in the case where bolts are used to clamp tow parts together at elevated temperatures. The bolts, under tension, will creep as a function of time. Since the deformation is plastic, loss of clamping force will result in an undesirable loosening of the bolted joint. The extent of this particular phenomenon, called relaxation, can be determined by running appropriate creep strength tests. Figure shows typical creep curves for three samples of a mild steel part under a constant tensile load. Notice that for the hightemperature case the creep tends to accelerate until the part fails. The time line in the graph (the xaxis) may represent a period of 10 years,the anticipated life of the product. SUMMARY The machine designer must understand the purpose of the static tensile strength test. This test determines a number of mechanical properties of metals that are used in design equations. Such terms as modulus of elasticity, proportional limit, yield strength, ultimate strength, resilience, and ductility define properties that can be determined from the tensile test. Dynamic loads are those which vary in magnitude and direction and may require an investigation of the machine part’s resistance to failure. Stress reversals may require that the allowable design stress be based on the endurance limit of the material rather than on the yield strength or ultimate strength. Stress concentration occurs at locations where a machine part changes size, such as a hole in a flat plate or a sudden change in width of a flat plate or a groove or fillet on a circular shaft. Note that for the case of a hole in a flat or bar, the value of the maximum stress bees much larger in relation to the average stress as the size of the hole decreases. Methods of reducing the effect of stress concentration usually involve making the shape change more gradual. Machine parts are designed to operate at some allowable stress below the yield strength or ultimate strength. This approach is used to take care of such unknown factors as material property variations and residual stresses produced during manufacture and the fact that the equations used may be approximate rather that exact. The factor of safety is applied to the yield strength or the ultimate strength to determine the allowable stress. Temperature can affect the mechanical properties of metals. Increases in temperature may cause a metal to expand and creep and may reduce its yield strength and its modulus of elasticity. If most metals are not allowed to expand or contract with a change in temperature,then stresses are set up that may be added to the stresses from the load. This phenomenon is useful in assembling parts by means of interference fits. A hub or ring has an inside diameter slightly smaller than the mating shaft or post. The hub is then heated so that it expands enough to slip over the shaft. When it cools, it exerts a pressure on the shaft resulting in a strong frictional force that prevents loosening. 故障的分析、尺寸的決定以及凸輪的分析和應(yīng)用 摘要 : 作為一名設(shè)計工程師有必要知道零件如何發(fā)生和為什么會發(fā)生故障,以便通過進行最低限度的維修以保證機器的可靠性 ; 凸輪是被應(yīng)用的最廣泛的機械結(jié)構(gòu)之一 ,是一種僅僅 有兩個組件構(gòu)成的設(shè)備。 關(guān)鍵詞: 故障 高速凸輪 設(shè)計屬性 前言介紹 : 作為一名設(shè)計工程師有必要知道零件如何發(fā)生和為什么會發(fā)生故障,以便通過進行最低限度的維修以保證機器的可靠性。后者發(fā)生的這次故障造成的結(jié)果通常只不過是一些暖氣裝置里冷卻劑的損失,是一種很容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)并且被改正的情況。例如,脆的材料被認為在存在疲勞的地方是不能夠被使用的。發(fā)生了過度的變形,但并沒有產(chǎn)生裂縫,也可能會引起一臺機器出毛病,因為發(fā)生畸變的零件會干擾下一個零件的移動。此外,一個零件的實際形狀可能會引起故障的發(fā)生。 凸輪是被應(yīng)用的最廣泛的機械結(jié)構(gòu)之一 , 是一種僅僅有兩個 組件構(gòu)成的設(shè)備。無論如何,大多數(shù)凸輪以低速 (少于 500 rpm)運行而中速的凸輪可以通過一個大比例的圖形表示出來。因此靜強度可以被認為是大約等于比例極限,從理論上來說,我們可以認為在這種情況下,材料沒有發(fā)生塑性變形和物理破壞。吸收的能量的多少可以通過下面彈性區(qū)域內(nèi)的應(yīng)力圖表來描述出 來。顯而易見,脆性材料的韌性和彈性非常低,并且大約相等。延展性是通過可延展的零件在發(fā)生破裂前后的面積和長度的百分比來測量的。一般說來,材料越硬,它的脆性也越大,因此,彈性越小。 壓應(yīng)力和剪應(yīng)力 :除抗拉的試驗之外,還有其它一些可以提供有用信息的靜載荷的實驗類型。因此,一種可延展的材料通常是由于變形受壓而損壞的,并不是壓力的原因。極限剪切強度,無論如何,不等于處于緊張狀態(tài)的極限強度。此外,我們通常也把很少發(fā)生變化的作用力叫作靜載荷。 變載荷: 所謂變載荷,就是說載荷的大小在變,但是方向不變的載荷。一個例子就是一臺升降機墜落到位于通道底部的一套彈簧裝置上,這套裝置產(chǎn)生的力會比升降機本身的重量大上好幾 倍。當循環(huán)的次數(shù)增加時,最初的裂縫開始在軸的周圍的逐漸產(chǎn)生許多類似的裂縫。對斷面的檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一種非常有趣的圖案,如圖 中所示。當正在使用的機器零件由于靜載荷的原因出現(xiàn)問題時,由于材料具有的延展性,他們通常會發(fā)生一定程度的變形。 一種材料的疲勞強度是指在壓力的反復(fù)作用下的抵抗產(chǎn)生裂縫的能力。試驗是這樣被進行的:一件小的重物被插入,電動機被啟動。然后根據(jù)壓力值和所需的循環(huán)的次數(shù)來繪制一個圖。 用圖 描繪的關(guān)系 對于鋼的材料來說更為典型,因為當 N 接近非常大的數(shù)字時,曲線就會變得水平。對于鋼的材料來說,持久極限值大約等于極限強度的 50%。 最常見的疲勞損壞的類型通常是由于彎曲應(yīng)力所引起的。而疲勞曲線的繼續(xù)變小,表明不管作用力有多么的小,多次的應(yīng)力反復(fù)作用都會引起零件的失效。在低的或者較高的溫度下,材料的特性可能會有很大的不同。 當溫度升高時,圖 顯示了低碳鋼在彈性模數(shù) E 方面的削減。蠕變現(xiàn)象在室溫的條件下也是存在的,但它發(fā)生的過程是如此之慢,以致于很少變得像在預(yù)期壽命中溫度被升高到300oC 或更多時那樣顯著,逐漸增加的塑性變形可能在一段短的時期內(nèi) 變得很明顯。因此,如果一個零件是在很強的強度下運轉(zhuǎn)的話,那么設(shè)計工程師必須精確地預(yù)言將在機器的使用壽命期間可能發(fā)生的蠕變的次數(shù)。因為變形是塑性的,夾緊力的損失將可能導(dǎo)致螺紋連接件的意外松動。從圖表里的時間軸上 (x 軸 ),我們可以描述在 10 年的時間里,這種產(chǎn)品的預(yù)期壽命。 動載荷是指那些,在大小和方向上發(fā)生變化并且可能需要對機器零件在抵抗失效能力上的研究。減少的壓力集中影響的方法通常就是使在形狀上的變化更有規(guī)律性。 溫度能影響金屬的機械特性。一個轂或者孔的內(nèi)徑比與它相配的軸或者圓柱的直徑小一
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