【正文】 the demonstrated cases, local governments could promote twostep loans to finance lowcarbon munity development projects by effectively coordinating with national governments and international / local financial institutions. A key point is that local governments can use carbon financing to revitalize stalled developmental projects, if these projects also have GHG emissions mitigation effects, since additionality could be demonstrated. Further development of notforprofit / nonprofit private finance： The barriers to notforprofit private finance for lowcarbon development projects could be overe if the revenues could be increased or costs could be reduced. The social business model, which creates social value while paying back the original investment but does not deliver profits or dividends to investors, such as the microcredit business in Bangladesh by Grameen or ITbased educational and medical services in Bangladesh by bracNet, is an attractive business model if it could be applied to lowcarbon munity development in East Asian developing countries. There are several trials of microcredit for renewable energy in India and China and these cases might demonstrate potential ways to overe these barriers. They include solar photovoltaic power generation financed by microcredit, solar photovoltaic power generation operated and maintained through a feeforservice mechanism similar to ESCO, solar heating funded through twostep loans , and solar rechargeable lanterns paid by beneficiaries, all in India. Other cases include a solar photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation in India funded through subsidies, soft loans and beneficiaries’ payments and wind power generation funded by government investment and partially operated and maintained by beneficiaries’ payment in China. Conclusion： This study found that there are at least dozens of CDM projects that are oriented towards local munity development in each case study country the Philippines, Indonesia and China and there are a few developmentoriented mitigation projects that are producing voluntary carbon credits in Indonesia in the areas of energy efficiency, renewable energy, waste and wastewater, and transport, but there are none in the Philippines and China. Lowcarbon development projects that are funded through notforprofit or nonprofit private finance are few. In particular those funded through notforprofit private finance such as notforprofit microfinance were not detected in this limited survey. There is a tendency for lowcarbon development projects with carbon credit to be funded by forprofit private finance while lowcarbon development projects without carbon credit are funded with either public or nonprofit private finance. 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目： Carbon Finance for LowCarbon Community Developmentin East Asia 出 處： Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES) 作 者： Hidenori Nakamura, Policy Researcher, Policy and Governance Team 譯 文： 低碳金融在東亞地區(qū)的發(fā)展 低碳發(fā)展在東亞地區(qū) ,要求在有效條件的約束下，實現(xiàn)發(fā)展預(yù)期目標，有助于緩解氣候變化。在許多發(fā)展中國家 ,當(dāng)?shù)氐馁Y金來源是難得的。什么是碳金融狀態(tài)低碳關(guān)于國家發(fā)展計劃。要回答這些問題 ,三個國家的案例研究 ,進行了深入的研究和初步測量包括總共 9 個案例研究項目在這三個國家。本研究中也列出了政府在這個過程中扮演的角色 ,包括項目的支持者和協(xié)調(diào)員以及當(dāng)?shù)卣绾卫糜行侄未龠M項目的發(fā)展 ,如對于項目的支持者來說 ,加強 溝通各內(nèi)部的利益相關(guān)者 ,并提供必要的地方法令法規(guī)和制定本地對應(yīng)辦法以完善該項目的發(fā)展。項目開發(fā)人員應(yīng)該也做出更大的努力的來完善和延伸碳管理和資 源補償。國家政府的發(fā)展可以支持可編程的框架，地方政府也可以通過有效的協(xié)調(diào)與各國政府和本地及國際金融機構(gòu)的關(guān)系促進兩步貸款金融低碳國家發(fā)展計劃。發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何提高能源利用效率、可再生能源 ,和垃圾和污水管理在自愿碳抵消工程領(lǐng)域中。在 2020 年 1月 10 日第一次清潔發(fā)展機制項目的正式被批準， 255 個項目在 2020 年通過并圓滿結(jié)束。風(fēng)能、余熱 /天然氣的利用、甲烷回收、更節(jié)能、更生物質(zhì)項目就是下一個最常見的項目進展情況。 對于低碳社區(qū)發(fā)展項目 ,不產(chǎn)生碳排放額度。清潔發(fā)展機制項目的風(fēng)險從總體上可以事先說明幾點 ,具體的介紹在以后的說明中。這個注冊過程一般時間是超過一年 ,當(dāng)然也有失敗的風(fēng)險登記的例子。這可能發(fā)生在例如項目的甲烷回收率垃圾掩埋場的情況下。 此外 ,中國還規(guī)定 ,關(guān)于一個 清潔發(fā)展機制項目非上市公司的支持者的限制資格 ,排除了地方政府。 闡述了上面的討論中存在的幾種類型的屏障對碳金融的阻礙 ,尤其在最初的預(yù)期上清潔發(fā)展機制具體到基金低碳社區(qū)發(fā)展。高昂的交易成本具體體現(xiàn)在印度尼西亞和中國與在菲律賓、印尼 ,中國的小規(guī)模投融資項目。此外 ,關(guān)于碳信用的概念，以及減緩 氣候變化的一般情況來說 ,仍然很難使普通市民理解。當(dāng)?shù)卣袝r提供必要的土地和電力以及其他有利的條件。 加強政府的作用：一些地方政府的角色扮演著有效促進支持者資助的項目以及促進年輕學(xué)者之間的交流。 除了這些情況外，地方政府還能促進兩步貸款給金融低碳社區(qū) 發(fā)展計劃從而有效地協(xié)調(diào)和一些國家政府以及本地及國際金融機構(gòu)。 在印度和中國有幾個可再生能源的試驗 ,這 種情況下可能證明潛在的方法來克服這些障礙。