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st reduction of inspection methods. 外文翻譯原文 6 – Education for maintenance engineers. – Collection and storage of maintenance data by utilizing IT technology. ( 3) Evaluation/assessment methods. – Establishment of methods for evaluating the safety and durability of existing bridges and the public announcement and munication of evaluated results. – Development of method for deciding the priority ranking of repair and retrofitting of existing bridges. ( 4) Maintenance system, and repair and retrofitting technique. – Development of bridge maintenance system including repair and retrofitting technique. – Development of effective feedback system from maintenance to design. – Development of techniques for replacing deteriorated bridge structures. – Development of new materials and techniques for maintenance. ( 5) Harmony between bridges and their surrounding environment. – Maintenance considering the coexistence and harmony of aesthetics, – Improvement and refreshment of environment surrounding bridges for users, inhabitants, and nature. ( 6) Budget for maintenance. – Maintenance in case of insufficient budget. – Asset assessment and effective budget. . Seismic design and retrofitting Various design methods, retrofitting methods, technologies and materials for seismic design and retrofitting have been developed after the Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake. The seismic design procedures after the Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake are highlighted below: 外文翻譯原文 7 ( 1) Design seismic loads. There are two levels and two types of design earthquake specified in JSHB. – Level 1: Maximum elastic response acceleration 300 gal. – Level 2 Type I (ocean plate slip type): Maximum elastic response acceleration 1000 gal. – Level 2 Type II (inland fault slip type): Maximum elastic response acceleration 2020 gal. ( 2) Elastic design is carried out against the Level 1 earthquake with the safety factor of . ( 3) Elastoplastic deformation is allowed against Level 2 earthquakes. The safety of a bridge dimensioned on the basis of a Level 1 earthquake is verified by using a Level 2 earthquake. ( 4) Two types of seismic design methods against Level 2 earthquakes。于是最近主要工作焦點(diǎn)是老化橋梁和現(xiàn)有橋梁的地震改型維護(hù)。而且,橋梁工程師應(yīng)該尋求更好的社會(huì)地位,并且橋梁工程學(xué)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)該對(duì)將承擔(dān)未來這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的青年學(xué)生變得更有吸引力。 把許多橋梁的構(gòu)筑看作重要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施之一后,橋梁就主要修建在直接需要的地方。鋼橋中損壞的部分主要分為橋墩、承力構(gòu)件和保護(hù)橋梁不倒塌的約束構(gòu)件??鐝綖?112m的甲板類型鋼板梁橋也在進(jìn)行著地震改型。改型、強(qiáng)化、維修、維護(hù)現(xiàn)有的鋼橋已是日本未來鋼橋市場(chǎng)中的主要部分,而不再是大跨徑橋梁的建設(shè)占主要。 例如,由于高層建筑和高架公路橋,要想對(duì)大阪城堡的美麗和歷史作用有一個(gè)清楚和通暢的認(rèn)識(shí)是很困難的。以下新型鋼橋在尋求擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)中得到了發(fā)展,也包括了那些中跨度的橋: —— 為降低成本使用了少量加強(qiáng)筋和較少焊縫的用厚鋼板制成的板梁橋 —— 用 PC板的雙板式梁橋 —— 連續(xù)、組合和雙板式梁橋 —— 用懸索來增加經(jīng)濟(jì)跨度的連續(xù)組合箱梁橋 —— H型鋼主梁的懸索靜定橋 —— 在內(nèi)部支撐附近存在箱梁的鋼橋和在其它部位存在板梁的鋼橋 另一方面,為了面對(duì)鋼橋產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的競(jìng)爭(zhēng), PC橋隨之產(chǎn)生的新的類型也得到了發(fā)展: —— 波紋鋼網(wǎng)的 PC箱梁橋 —— 有鋼構(gòu)件和 PC翼緣的組合行架橋 —— 波紋鋼網(wǎng)的懸索靜定 PC箱梁橋 ( 2)鋼橋產(chǎn)業(yè)的其他發(fā)展 外文翻譯原文 12 ( i)下列橋梁構(gòu)件類型中,用于抵抗疲勞破壞和斷裂的維修和加固工作 —— 次要鋼橋構(gòu)件的疲勞破壞 —— RC平板的疲勞破壞 —— 鋼板的疲勞破壞(許多斷裂沿著橋面板和彎梁的焊接處開裂) —— 鋼橋墩中在柱構(gòu)件的翼緣板和水平構(gòu)件的翼緣板之間的焊縫處有許多裂 縫 現(xiàn)在這些裂縫的維修和加固工作已經(jīng)開始: ( ii)為了增加設(shè)計(jì)使用荷載的改型工作 —— 最大的設(shè)計(jì)使用荷載從 200KN變?yōu)榱?250KN ( iii)為了修改設(shè)計(jì)類型的改型工作 —— 例如,在大約 40年前,在日本公路橋規(guī)范中沒有用剛性板的設(shè)計(jì)方法 ( iv) 地震改型工作 ( v)依靠生命周期費(fèi)用和財(cái)產(chǎn)管理的橋梁管理系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展 ( vi)對(duì)橋梁受力構(gòu)件和伸縮接縫破壞處的維修和加固工作 維護(hù) 關(guān)于橋梁維護(hù),許多問題可以在橋梁工程學(xué)領(lǐng)域解決,盡管也有許多不能單靠橋梁工程來解決的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。例如,通過我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室和技術(shù)科學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)開發(fā)的 EPASS 計(jì)算機(jī)程序。 就組成構(gòu)件剛性板的扣環(huán)連接和組合結(jié)構(gòu)的箱型混凝土的彈塑性性能而論,我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室和技術(shù)科學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)開發(fā)了 EPASS/USSP 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),這是一種為解決包括薄壁鋼和組合結(jié)構(gòu)空間橋的多功能靜態(tài) /動(dòng)態(tài)彈塑性和有限位移的方法。在他們之中,碳纖維加筋塑性板材和 RC板可用于老化橋梁的維修和圓橫斷面鋼橋墩的