【正文】 n (Cpu, Cpl)， Where Cpu = (USL?)/3?lt； Cpl = (?LSL)/3?lt； Zst = 3 Cpk . DMAIC Methodology 5 Stages DMAIC Methodology and Statistical Tools ? Phase: Analysis ? Steps。 ? CTQ Tree, Process Map, Performance Index ? M2 Assess Measurement System。 顧客 『 在乎 』 的事 ， 就是企業(yè)或組織在乎的事 。三個(gè)圓圈的策略讓 GE公司找到焦點(diǎn)，不再是集團(tuán) (似乎什麼都做 )。 ? Project Team, Project Charter, COPQ ? Define Steps (1) Vision Business Strategy Big Y (CTQ) Small y Project (Goal, Scope, Performance Index) ? Define Steps (21) ? Vision:最具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的企業(yè) (GE) ? StrategyThe Three Circle (GE) 核心事業(yè) ◎ 照明 ◎ 大型家電 ◎ 馬達(dá) 高科技事業(yè) ◎ 醫(yī)療系統(tǒng) ◎ 工業(yè)電子 ◎ 航太 服務(wù)事業(yè) ◎ 信用公司 ◎ 資訊服務(wù) ◎ 核能服務(wù) ? Define Steps (22) The Three Circle (GE) ? Jack Welch (GE’ S CEO)畫(huà)三個(gè)圓圈：核心、高科技與服務(wù)。 ? 6 ? Activity ? 6? activity is to find out critical factors to quality (CTQ) at customer’ s point of view and to reduce the defects less than DPMO(PPM). LSL USL ? ？ ? Defect M 6? in RD 6? in MFG. Company Customer Customer CTQ VOC VOB 6? DPMO New Std. 3? 66800 DPMO Past Std. ? How Do We Improve Process Capability? ? ? Increase the tolerance ? ? Decrease the spread or variation of the process ? ? Shift the average by: ? ? ? Centering the average if the spec. has two limits ? ? ? Decrease or increase the average for spec. with one limit ? The Cost Opportunity ? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 About 15% of Sales, Cost Opportunity on 3? Company Cost of Failure (% of Sales) ? The Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) Long Cycle Times, More Setups, Expediting Costs, Lost Sales, Engineering Change order, Overtime, Late delivery, Lost Opportunity, Lost Customer Loyalty, Excess Inventory Rejects, Warranty, Inspection, Scrap, Rework ? Who is Implementing 6 ? ? Motorola 1987 ? Texas Instrument 1988 ? ABB (Asea Brown Boveri) 1993 ? Allied Signal 1995 ? General Electric 1995 ? Kodak 1995 ? Siemens, Nokia, Sony 1997 ? 6 ? Benefits(Case 1) Motorola over 12 yrs ? Increase productivity an average of % per year ? Reduced the cost of poor quality by more than 84% ? Eliminated % of in process defects ? Save more than $11billion in manufacturing cost ? Realized an average annual pounded growth rate of 17% in earnings ? 6 ? Benefits(Case 2) General Electric (Million Dollars) Cost Profit 1996 240, 200 1997 400, 700 1998 450, 1200 1999 520, 2520 2023 600, 3000 ? 6 ? Benefits( Case 3) Texas Instruments Before (1988) After (1993) COPQ 30% 7% DPMO 104000 9000 Scrap $3M $ Yield % % Cycle Time (Week) 11 4 Inventory Cost $ $ ? The Focus of 6 ? If we are perfectly control X, should we constantly test and inspect Y? Y = f (X) Y X1 X2 X3 X4 X X …Xn ◎ Independent ◎ InputProcess ◎ Cause ◎ Problem ◎ Control Y ◎ Dependent ◎ Output ◎ Effect ◎ Symptom ◎ Monitor ? 6 ? is Applying Overall Business System RD 6? Transaction Mfg Design SS Manufacturing SS Transactional SS ? 6 ? Methodology Measure Analyze Design Verify Measure Analyze Improve Control Define Translate Y N New Process/ Product ? Achievable Goal ? N Y ? What is different with 6 ? Traditional Quality 6? ◎ Central Organized ◎ Not Formal Structure for Tool Application ◎ Lack of Support in using Tools ◎ Lack of Structured Training ◎ Inspect Quality in (Focus on “ Y” ) ◎ Black Belt Report Directly Into Function ◎ Structured Use of Statistical Tools to Aid Problem Solving ◎ DataBased Decisions ◎ Structured Training in Applied Statistics ◎ Control Process Input (X’ s) ? 6 ? Organization ? 6 ? Organization ◎ Executive Project Selection and Support ◎ 6?Technical Lead 6? Coach Project BB ◎ 6? Project Team Lead ◎ 6? Project Team Member ◎ All staffs (6? overview) Champion Master Black Belt (MBB) Black Belt (BB) Green Belt (GB) White Belt (WB) ? 3. 6 ? Methodology ? 5 Stage of DMADV and New Tools Design For Six Sigma (DFSS) Black Belt ? 5 Stage of DMAIC methodology Green Belt . DMAIC Methodology 5 Stages DMAIC Methodology and Statistical Tools ? Phase: Define ? Steps。在 6?水準(zhǔn)則 1000個(gè)產(chǎn)品卻有 。 ? . 由需求的觀(guān)點(diǎn) ? 在 70年代，產(chǎn)品達(dá)到 2?便達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 『 這種管理監(jiān)督的作風(fēng) ， 大體受到泰勒式科學(xué)管理 影響的結(jié)果 』 。 在 19701989年間美國(guó)的市場(chǎng)佔(zhàn)有率 ： ＊電視機(jī)從 50%降至 2% ＊收音機(jī)從 50%降至 2% ＊汽車(chē)從 78%降至 28% ＊影印機(jī)從 90%降至 20% ＊照相機(jī)從 90%降至 5% ＊鋼鐵從 40%降至 30% ? ※ 其結(jié)果造成美國(guó)貿(mào)易赤字每月高達(dá) 80100億美元 美國(guó)與日本製程能力之比較 ? 年代 美國(guó) 日本 ? 製程能力 品質(zhì)水準(zhǔn) 製程能力 品質(zhì)水準(zhǔn) ? 1970 2?