【正文】 mit X = Mean R = Average Range Monitors Changes in Average or Variation Over Time Design of Experiments 6? Overview SCREENING OPTIMIZATION CHARACTERIZATION ? For Experiments Involving a Large Number of Factors ? Useful in Isolating the “Vital Few “ from the “Trivial Many” ? For Experiments Involving a Relatively Small Number of Factors ? Useful When Studying Relatively Unplicated Effects Interactions ? For Experiments Involving Only 2 or 3 Factors ? Useful When Studying Highly Complicated Effects Relationships DOE is More Effective Than Testing One Factor at a Time 6? Overview Using the “One Factor at a Time” Approach Reduce Commute to Work to 15 Minutes (without working an abnormal work schedule) The Goal The Variables Time of Departure from Home Route Taken to Work The Approach Try 3 Potential Routes at Current Departure Time (7:45), Select the Best Vary the Departure Time ?til we get to 15 Minutes Time of Departure 3 2 1 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 Route Combination Selected The Result Use Route 2 and Leave at 7:15 to Reach Goal 6? Overview Using “Design of Experiments” (DOE) Time of Departure DOE (i) Better Accounts for Interactive Variables Missed by “One Factor at a Time”, and (ii) Efficiently Searches for “Sweet Spot” in Parameter Space The Variables Time of Departure from Home Route Taken to Work The Approach Vary time of Departure and Route Simultaneously, in a Systematic Fashion The Result A Better Combination Allowing 15 More Minutes of Sleep!!! Actual Commuting Time Averages (minutes) 3 2 1 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 Route 17 20 23 21 19 15 18 20 19 16 12 15 21 20 18 Original Conclusion Best Combination “Sweet Spot” Reduce Commute to Work to 15 Minutes (without working an abnormal work schedule) The Goal A Practical Example (The “Cookbook”) 6? Overview 6?.....and Baking Bread YEAST FLOUR Using a 12 Step Process 6? Overview The “BETTER BREAD” Company Step 1.....Selecting “Critical to Quality” (CTQs or Y) What is Important to the Customer? ? Rise ? Texture ? Smell ? Freshness ? Taste Y = Taste!! 6? Overview Measure Step 2.....Defining Performance Standards for CTQs or Y 6? Overview How Could We Measure Taste (Y)? ? Panel of Tasters ? Rating System of 1 to 10 ? Target: Average Rating at 8 ? Desired: No Individual Ratings (“defects”) Below 7 Y = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Target Defects Worst Best But.....Is this the Right System? Measure 6? Overview Step 3.....Validating the Measurement System for Y How Could We Approach This? ? Blindfolded Panel Rates Several Loaf Samples ? Put “Repeat” Pieces from Same Loaf in Different Samples ? Consistent Ratings* on Pieces from Same Loaf = “Repeatability” ? Consistent Ratings* on Samples Across the Panel = “Reproducibility” “ Repeatability” “Reproducibility” Suggest Valid Measurement Approach Panel Member Loaf 1 Loaf 2 Loaf 3 A 5 8 9 B 4 9 1 C 4 9 2 D 8 9 8 E 4 8 2 F 5 9 1 G 8 9 2 * Within 177。 Note: Time is a Factor Only if Temperature Changes Significantly 6? Overview Step 9.....Establish Tolerances on “Vital Few” (Xs) How do we Ensure Oven Temperature is Controlled? ? Data Suggests 350 ( 5 ) is best Temperature to Reduce Taste Variation ? Brand A Flour to be Used Except in Case of Emergency ? “BETTER BREAD” to Search for Better Alternative Supplier of Flour Just in Case 176。 , March 17, 2023 ? 雨中黃葉樹(shù)，燈下白頭人。 :01:2316:01:23March 17, 2023 ? 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國(guó)見(jiàn)青山。 2023年 3月 17日星期五 4時(shí) 1分 23秒 16:01:2317 March 2023 ? 1做前，能夠環(huán)視四周；做時(shí)，你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點(diǎn)的射線向前。 :01:2316:01Mar2317Mar23 ? 1世間成事，不求其絕對(duì)圓滿，留一份不足，可得無(wú)限完美。 。 , March 17, 2023 ? 閱讀一切好書(shū)如同和過(guò)去最杰出的人談話。勝人者有力，自勝者強(qiáng)。 2023年 3月 17日星期五 4時(shí) 1分 23秒 16:01:2317 March 2023 ? 1一個(gè)人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要自強(qiáng)不息。 2023年 3月 17日星期五 下午 4時(shí) 1分 23秒 16:01: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過(guò)于提升自我。 :01:2316:01Mar2317Mar23 ? 1越是無(wú)能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯(cuò)兒。 2023年 3月 17日星期五 4時(shí) 1分 23秒 16:01:2317 March 2023 ? 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來(lái)秋。 :01:2316:01:23March 17, 2023 ? 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 , March 17, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒(méi)有。 。 :01:2316:01Mar2317Mar23 ? 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 176。 176。 The Potential Performance of a Process, Corrected for an OffTarget Mean LSL USL ?? ?? ??Process Mean 181。6? Overview ? Six Sigma: A Definition Applied to GE GE Quality Initiative Why This Approach? Origin of Six Sigma The “Breakthrough Strategy” Arriving at Sigma ? Six Sigma Structure ? Key Concepts Tools ? A Practical Example An Overview....Not a lot of Details!! 6? Overview “ Six Sigma” ? If we can’t express what we know in the form of numbers, we really don’t know much about it. ? If we don’t know much about it, we can’t control it. ? If we can’t control it, we are at the mercy of chance. Mikel J. Harry