【正文】 rsity 48 Cycle Time（節(jié)拍） 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 49 節(jié)拍是指各工作地完成分配給它的作業(yè)所容許的最大時間。 Line Balancing is the process of assigning tasks to workstations in such a way that the workstations have approximately equal time requirements. 流程或生產(chǎn)線平衡 Line Balancing ? 生產(chǎn)線平衡涉及把作業(yè)分配到工作地的決策。 A continuous process: An oil refinery performs a continuous process, breaking down crude oil into petroleum, chemicals, and many other products. 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 10 提綱 Outline ? 工藝選擇 Process selection: – 工藝類型 Process Type – 產(chǎn)品工藝矩陣 ProductionProcess Matrix ? 設(shè)施布置 Facility layout: – 布置的類型 Layout types – 產(chǎn)品原則布置：生產(chǎn)線平衡 Product layout: Linebalancing problems – 工藝原則布置：各部門間的工作流量 Process layout: Interdepartmental Work Flows – 工藝原則布置：系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計 Process layout: Systematic Layout Planning – 服務(wù)布置 Service Layout 產(chǎn)品 工藝矩陣 Product – Process Matrix Dimension 工藝專業(yè)化生產(chǎn) Job Shop 批量生產(chǎn) Batch 裝配線生產(chǎn)Repetitive 連續(xù)流程 Continuous 工作變化 Job variety 很高 Very High 一般 Moderate 較低 Low 很低 Very low 生產(chǎn)靈活性Process flexibility 很高 Very High 一般 Moderate 較低 Low 很低 Very low 單位成本 Unit cost 很高 Very High 一般 Moderate 較低 Low 很低 Very low 產(chǎn)量 Volume of output 很低 Very Low 較低 Low 較高 High 很高 Very high 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 11 產(chǎn)品工藝矩陣 ProductionProcess Matrix 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 12 產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品生命周期 多品種 小產(chǎn)量 品種較多 高產(chǎn)量 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 大量生產(chǎn) 顧客化 低產(chǎn)量 廣告 重型機(jī)器 中型機(jī)器 食品加工 汽車裝配 麥當(dāng)勞 石油化工 面粉加工 工藝專業(yè)化 批量生產(chǎn) 裝配線生產(chǎn) 連續(xù)流程 過程結(jié)構(gòu) 不可行 不可行 效率測量 柔性 (高 ) 單件成本 (高 ) 柔性 (低 ) 單件成本 (低 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 13 提綱 Outline ? 工藝選擇 Process selection: – 工藝類型 Process Type – 產(chǎn)品工藝矩陣 ProductionProcess Matrix ? 設(shè)施布置 Facility layout: – 布置的類型 Layout types – 產(chǎn)品原則布置：生產(chǎn)線平衡 Product layout: Linebalancing problems – 工藝原則布置：各部門間的工作流量 Process layout: Interdepartmental Work Flows – 工藝原則布置：系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計 Process layout: Systematic Layout Planning – 服務(wù)布置 Service Layout 設(shè)備布置 Facilities Layout ? 布置：對業(yè)務(wù)部門、工作中心和設(shè)備進(jìn)行布局，以確保系統(tǒng)中工作流運(yùn)行順暢。工藝選擇與設(shè)施布置 Process Selection and Facility Layout 周偉華 博士 浙江大學(xué) Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 提綱 Outline ? 工藝選擇 Process selection: – 工藝類型 Process Type – 產(chǎn)品工藝矩陣 ProductionProcess Matrix ? 設(shè)施布置 Facility layout: – 布置的類型 Layout types – 產(chǎn)品原則布置：生產(chǎn)線平衡 Product layout: Linebalancing problems – 工藝原則布置：各部門間的工作流量 Process layout: Interdepartmental Work Flows – 工藝原則布置：系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計 Process layout: Systematic Layout Planning – 服務(wù)布置 Service Layout 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 2 簡介 Introduction ? 工藝 Process – 一個組織將輸入品轉(zhuǎn)化為輸出品的過程中的任何一個環(huán)節(jié)。 A repetitive process: Binney Smith, maker of Crayola products, produces nearly 3 billion crayons each year in its Easton, PA, manufacturing facility. 連續(xù)流程 Continuous 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 9 一個煉油廠的持續(xù)生產(chǎn)過程，把原油分解為石油，化工原油，以及其他產(chǎn)品。 workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed – 用于產(chǎn)品無法移動的項目中 Used in projects where the product cannot be moved 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 21 混合布置 Hybrid Layouts ? 單元布置 Group technology (cellular) layouts –成組加工單元機(jī) group machines into machining cells ? 柔性制造系統(tǒng) Flexible manufacturing systems –自動化加工和材料處理系統(tǒng) automated machining material handling systems ? 混合裝配線 Mixedmodel assembly lines –一條生產(chǎn)線上生產(chǎn)多種型號的產(chǎn)品 produce variety of models on one line 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 22 產(chǎn)品原則布置 Product Layout 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 23 原材料或顧客 Raw materials or customer 產(chǎn)成品Finished item 工作 中心 1 工作 中心 1 工作 中心 1 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 工作 中心 1 用于高重復(fù)性的生產(chǎn)流程 Used for Repetitive or Continuous Processing 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 產(chǎn)品原則布置的優(yōu)點 Advantages of Product Layout ? 產(chǎn)量高 High rate of output ? 成本低 Low unit cost ? 勞力專門化 Labor specialization ? 物料運(yùn)輸費(fèi)低 Low material handling cost ? 工人和設(shè)備的利用率高 High utilization of labor and equipment ? 工藝路線選擇及進(jìn)程安排都在初步設(shè)計中確定下來 Established routing and scheduling ? 會計、采購程序化 Routing accounting and purchasing 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 24 產(chǎn)品原則布置的缺點 Disadvantages of Product Layout ? 工作重復(fù)單調(diào) Creates dull, repetitive jobs ? 技術(shù)低的工人可能對維持設(shè)備或產(chǎn)出質(zhì)量缺乏興趣 Poorly skilled workers may not maintain equipment or quality of output ? 對產(chǎn)量變化以及產(chǎn)品或工藝設(shè)計變化的適應(yīng)性差 Fairly inflexible to changes in volume ? 設(shè)備故障對生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的影響很大 Highly susceptible to shutdowns ? 需要預(yù)防性維修能力 Needs preventive maintenance ? 與個人產(chǎn)量相聯(lián)系的激勵計劃是不可行的 Individual incentive plans are impractical 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 25 U型生產(chǎn)線 A UShaped Production Line 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 開始 In 結(jié)束 Out 工人 Workers 工藝原則布置 Process Layout 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 27 Dept. A Dept. B Dept. D Dept. C Dept. F Dept. E 用于間斷加工單件小批和成批過程 Used for Intermittent processing Job Shop or Batch Processes 按功能 制造過程布置 Manufacturing Process Layout 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 28 L L L L L L L L L L M M M M D D D D D D D D G G G G G G P P A A A Receiving and Shipping Assembly Painting Department Lathe Department Milling Department Drilling Department Grinding Department 服務(wù)過程布置 Service Process Layout 女士內(nèi)衣Women’s Lingerie 鞋子 Shoes 居家衣服House wares 女裙 Women’s Dresses 化妝品及珠寶Cosmetic