andinternationaltrade(發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-廈門大學(xué),陳濤-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 e 35 Figure 66: Trade in a World Without Increasing Returns Home (capital abundant) Foreign (labor abundant) Manufactures Food Monopolistic Competition and Trade 36 ? If manufactures is a monopolistically petitive sector, world trade consists of two parts: – Intraindustry trade – The exchange of manufactures for manufactures – Interindustry trade – The exchange of manufactures for food Monopolistic Competition and Trade 37 Figure 67: Trade with Increasing Returns and Monopolistic Competition Home (capital abundant) Foreign (labor abundant) Manufactures Food Interindustry trade Intraindustry trade Monopolistic Competition and Trade 38 ? Main differences between interindustry and intraindustry trade: – Interindustry trade reflects parative advantage, whereas intraindustry trade does not. – The pattern of intraindustry trade itself is unpredictable, whereas that of interindustry trade is determined by underlying differences between countries. – The relative importance of intraindustry and interindustry trade depends on how similar countries are. Monopolistic Competition and Trade 39 ? The Significance of Intraindustry Trade ? About onefourth of world trade consists of intraindustry trade. ? Intraindustry trade plays a particularly large role in the trade in manufactured goods among advanced industrial nations, which accounts for most of world trade. Monopolistic Competition and Trade 40 Table 63: Indexes of Intraindustry Trade for . Industries, 1993 Monopolistic Competition and Trade 41 ? The Economics of Dumping ? Price discrimination – The practice of charging different customers different prices ? Dumping – The most mon form of price discrimination in international trade – A pricing practice in which a firm charges a lower price for an exported good than it does for the same good sold domestically Dumping 42 ? Dumping can occur only if two conditions are met: – Imperfectly petitive industry – Segmented markets ? Given these conditions, a monopolistic firm may find that it is profitable to engage in dumping. Dumping 43 Figure 68: Dumping Dumping Exports Domestic sales Cost, C and Price, P Quantities produced and demanded, Q MC DFOR = MRFOR MRDOM DDOM 2 PFOR PDOM QDOM QMONOPOLY Total output 1 3 44 ? Reciprocal Dumping ? A situation in which dumping leads to twoway trade in the same product ? It increases the volume of trade in goods that are not quite identical. ? Its welfare effect is ambiguous: – It wastes resources in transportation. – It creates some petition. Dumping 45 The Theory of External Economies ? Economies of scale that occur at the level of the industry instead of the firm are called external economies. ? There are three main reasons why a cluster of firms may be more efficient than an individual firm in isolation: ? Specialized suppliers ? Labor market pooling ? Knowledge spillovers 46 ? Specialized Suppliers ? In many industries, the production of goods and services and the development of new products requires the use of specialized equipment or support services. ? An individual pany does not provide a large enough market for these services to keep the suppliers in business. – A localized industrial cluster can solve this problem by bringing together many firms that provide a large enough market to support specialized suppliers. – This phenomenon has been extensively documented in the semiconductor industry located in Silicon Valley. The Theory of External Economies 47 ? Labor Market Pooling ? A cluster of firms can create a pooled market for workers with highly specialized skills. ? It is an advantage for: – Producers – They are less likely to suffer from labor shortages. – Workers – They are less likely to bee unemployed. The Theory of External Economies 48 ? Knowledge Spillovers ? Knowledge is one of
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