外文翻譯---邊緣生態(tài)：城鄉(xiāng)景觀生態(tài)-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 f functions usually called urban and rural.In Section 6, I will return to the questions raised at the start and make some general remendations on the role of ecology in urban–rural planning and, more specifically in planning the edge of the city.2. Ecology discourses. The traditional discourse: nature as an objectAccording to a mon view, nature starts where the city ends. Here, on the edge of the city, lies the boundary between culture and nature, between red and green, that is: between the built environment and untouched landscape. Of course, there are trees and parks in the city, and, of course, the countryside is not as wild as it used to be, but these observations do not seem to affect the dominant view: the city is the enemy of nature and the frontline is the edge of the city. In this line of thinking, all building is bad. If urban nature has a meaning, it could only refer to the study of wildlife in some less densely built urban environments. This way of thinking has practical advantages for those who share it. Politicians are attracted by the idea that paying attention to ecology means creating a concrete nature reserve near the city. Architects like to think in the polarity between the wild and the beautifully designed and it seems logical to discuss it as the polarity between nature and culture. Biologists are attracted by the idea that they are the professional ecologists with nature as their object. Environmentalists are inclined to use this language to defend the countryside against urbanization.In this traditional discourse, ecology is tied to the nature of protected areas and wildlife species. In this interpretation, ecology is objectoriented. In operational planning too, the object character of nature is an advantage. Nature areas can be bought and fenced and budgets for maintenance can be allocated. Wild species can be protected by specific measures, proposed by specialists working in special departments. The division of labor is clear: the sector departments for social affairs, economic affairs, housing and nature have different specialists, who defend their territories. Thus, in this context nature is part of a spatially and functionally separated world.. An emerging discourse: nature as a processIn the 18th century, already, “the growth of towns had led to a new longing for the countryside… for unsubdued nature” (Thomas, 1983). This led to the concept of nature as an object invented by citizens but separated from cities. In this discourse, that in the 20th century became the dominant way of seeing, man and nature are kept separate, both in the minds of people and in our landscapes. As a result, nature has also been separated from production economy and this leads to the paradox that nature has to be paid for from the revenues of a polluting economy. The chi
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