【正文】 向的動詞，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時表示 原本 ?，未能 ? We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。t in the office . she_______ to the library . Ａ .has gone Ｂ . went Ｃ .will go Ｄ . has been My parents ______ Shandong for ten years . Ａ . have been in Ｂ . have been to Ｃ . have gone to Ｄ . have been The students have cleaned the classroom, ____? A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they 過去完成時 一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點 概念： 過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去” — ——————— ———————— ——— 那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在 構(gòu)成：過去完成時由“助動詞 had +過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had通用于各種人稱。 用法四： 過去發(fā)生的一次或多次的動作。 I have been to Italy three times. 他去哈爾濱了。 I have met her several times. 用法四： 表示過去發(fā)生的一次或多次的動作，一般漢語譯為“過”，常帶有 once， twice, three times等頻度時間狀語 特殊句型： is + 時間段 since +一般過去時的 句子 . 2年了。如：open, close, finish, begin, e, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, die, borrow, buy等。 I have already lost the key. (我現(xiàn)在沒有鑰匙 ) ? I haven’t read that book yet . (不了解書的內(nèi)容 ) ? I have just cleaned my hands. (手是干凈的 ) 常與 already(已經(jīng) ), yet(已經(jīng) ), just(剛剛 ),ever(曾經(jīng) ) never(從不 ) ， recently(最近 ), lately(近來 ) 等詞連用 . already: 常用于肯定句中 . yet: 常用于否定句 ,疑問句尾 . ? 注意： ? just: 剛剛，與現(xiàn)在完成時連用 ? just now: 剛才，與一般過去時連用 . ? I have just bought a pen ? I bought a pen just now. 用法二 :表示從過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，也可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去，只能用于某些延續(xù)性動詞，常與 for…,since…, 或和表示從過去某時到現(xiàn)在這段時間的時間狀語（如 : so far, up to now, in the last few years/days等）連用。Grammar and usage Present perfect tense 現(xiàn)在完成時 結(jié)構(gòu)： 肯定： have / has done 否定： have / has not done 疑問： Has /Have + 主語 + done 簡略答語 : Yes, 主語 + have/has.(肯定 ) No, 主語 + haven39。 2)不能與 when連用 3).現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用 用法一： 表示 ( 不確定的 ) 過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或造成結(jié)果。 瞬間動詞 也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞或短暫性動詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動作，這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。 ? Now we have planted all the trees. ? He has turned off the light. ? Up to now, the program has saved thousands of children. ? A: ― Would you like something to eat ? ‖ B: ― No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.‖ ? All of us have heard this many times. ? I have visited Beijing three times. ? You don’t need to describe her。 have / has been to 1. have / has been (to)表示“ 去過某地 （現(xiàn)在已回來）” 2. have / has gone to 表示“ 去某地了 （說話時某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀? “ 前者可與 once, never, several times等連用 ,后者則不能 我曾經(jīng)去過三次意大利。 用法三： 過去發(fā)生的動作到現(xiàn)在為止已完成或剛完成。 Exercises: 1. We __________(study) English for about five years. We______ (begin) to study it five years ago. 2. They _____(move) to the south in 1990 and __________(live) there since then. 3. Eric _____(lea