【正文】 holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (軍事力量)。一、In the middle ages， what cultures began to merge (融合)？　　答：　　Classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合)。(廣泛的，無處不在的)　　1St. Jerome， who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁語圣經(jīng))　　1Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)名詞解釋　　Between 300 and 500 .， many men withdrew from (放棄了) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (男) and convents (女) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隱士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”， whose work is generally considered orthodox.(東正教)　　1Augustine —→ “Confession” (坦白) and “The City of God” (上帝之都)　　St. Benedict —→ founded Benedictine Rule about 529 . (專門給清修的人制定的法律)　　2The Inquisition (問訊廳) to stamp out socalled 　　2The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)　　2Crusades went on about 200 years.　　2There were altogether eight chief Crusades.　　2 (結(jié)束) By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.　　2Carolingian Renaissance名詞解釋　　Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne‘s name in Latin， Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有見解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.　　2Roger Bacon‘s work was the Opus maius.　　2National Epics(民族史詩運動)名詞解釋　　The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族國家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics.　　2Chaucer (喬叟) 的詩歌特點： ① power of observation (觀察)　?、?piercing irony (敏銳的諷刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (溫暖的人性)　　與狄更斯相似Gothic名詞解釋① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.　?、?It lasted from the mid12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas， into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.　?、?The Gothic was an outgrowth (豐富與發(fā)展) of the Romanesque.(羅馬式)　　3The Canterbury Tales：　?、?The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.　?、?Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(壓頭韻)　　③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.　　論述簡答商旅　　About 1300 .， the Hebrews came to settle (定居) in Palestine.　　The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament.　　The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝與上帝的教義　　The New Testament is about the doctrine (教義) of Jesus Christ.　　1The New Testament is， in essence (實質(zhì)上)， the four accounts (四福音書)， written by the four 　　1The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.　　1Bible is representative of Christianity and 新舊約　　1The Old Testament名詞解釋　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.　　1The New Testament名詞解釋　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教義) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.　　1The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called 　　1Pentateuch名詞解釋The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (創(chuàng)世記)， Exodus (出埃及記)， Leviticus(教義記)， Numbers (逃亡記)， Deuteronomy (摩西遺言記)。　?、?After 395 (分裂時間)， the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West　?、?In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.　　④ The East Roman Empire collapsed (崩潰) when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. (英法百年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束)　　第二章　　The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (裝飾性)　?、?The Corinthian style　　is known for its ornamental luxury. (奢侈)　　1The famous temples： The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.　　The burning of Corinth in 146 . Marked Roman conquest of Greece.　　2The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (窗體頂端窗體底端羅馬征服希臘的標(biāo)志)　　2From 146 .， Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.　　Greek that of the eastern half.　　2Both Latin and Greek belong to IndoEuropean language.　　2The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。There are many elements constituting(組成) European Culture.　　There are two major elements： GrecoRoman element and JudeoChristian element.　　The richness(豐富性) of European Culture was created by GrecoRoman ele　　※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.” (有史以來最偉大的歷史學(xué)家) —→ Thucydides —→ war (Sparta， Athens and Syracuse)　　1The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.　　1受希臘文化影響的傳教士St. Paul. Democritus (Materialism)1希臘文化中的哲學(xué)被基督教所吸收1① Euclid‘s Elements解析幾何　　It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. (歷史地位)　?、?Archimedes　　His work not only in geometry幾何學(xué)，but also in arithmetic算術(shù)， mechanics機械， and 　　選擇：Give me a place to stand， and I will m