a-brief-history-of-english-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 al different dialects, since they were several different tribes. The names given to the tribes who got to England are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who are referred to collectively as AngloSaxons4.在羅馬帝國時期，散居在歐洲北部沿海的居民說一種西部德語的方言，這就是英語的前身。因為英語的歷史既漫長又復(fù)雜，我們只能抓住其發(fā)展過程中的幾個關(guān)鍵時期。Not much is known about the arrival of the AngloSaxons in England. We do know, however, that the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes were a long time securing themselves in England. Fighting went on for as long as a hundred years before the Celts in England were all killed, driven into Wales, or reduced to slavery. By 550 or so the AngloSaxons were firmly established. English was in England.這些部落何時遷移到英格蘭的，我們沒有掌握確切信息。英語從此來到了英格蘭。古英語時期從最早的歷史記載即公元七世紀(jì)到1100年；中世紀(jì)英語時期從1100年到1450或1500年；現(xiàn)代英語時期從1500年至今。兩個世紀(jì)之后，由西撒克遜人建立的威塞克斯王國成為了領(lǐng)袖，其最富盛名的國王叫阿爾弗烈德大帝，他不僅是一個卓越的軍事家和管理者，還是個大學(xué)問家。當(dāng)時的挪威語與英語比較接近，就像今天的挪威語和丹麥語一樣。In grammar, Old English was, much more highly inflected than modern English is. That is, there were mote case endings for nouns, more person and number endings for verbs, a more plicated pronoun system, various endings for adjectives, and so on. Old English nouns had four casesnominative, gen1tive, dative， accusative .Adjectives had five – all these and an instrumental case besides. Presentday English has only two cases for nouns – mon case and possessive case. Adjectives now have no case system at all. On the other hand, we now use a more rigid, word order and more structure words to express relationships than Old English did.在語法上，古英語的曲折變化遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于現(xiàn)代英語。In vocabulary old English is quite different from Modern English. Most of the Old English words are what we may call native English: that is, words which have not been borrowed from other languages but which have been a part of English ever since English was a part of IndoEuropean1. Old English did certainly contain borrowed words. We have seen that many borrowings were ing in from Norse. Rather large numbers had been borrowed from Latin: cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, angel, candle, priest, martyr, radish, oyster, purple, school, spend, and so on. But the great n1ajority of Old English words were native only about 14 percent are native. 在詞匯上，古英語也與現(xiàn)代英語有諸多不同之處。Sometime between the years 1000 and 1200 various important changes took place in the structure of English, and Old English became Middle English. The political event which facilitated these changes was the Norman Conquest. In 1066, led by Duke William, the Normans crossed the Channel and made themselves masters of England. For the next several hundred years, England was ruled by
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