【正文】 y, is much more powerful than any boss’s speech.Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individual’s engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those petitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: ‘I like Kellogg’s Corn Flakes because... .’ The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it.Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls ‘captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs’. He calls it captainitis because, he says, ‘crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrongheaded decision’. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing.At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom ‘the only rule was that there were no rules’. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design.Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective acplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: ‘Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every remendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.’ The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities. Questions 2730 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 2730 on your answer sheet.27 The example of the ‘milliondollar quartet’ underlines the writer’s point aboutA recognising talent.B working as a team.C having a shared objective.D being an effective leader.28 James Watson suggests that he and Francis Crick won the race to discover the DNA code because theyA were conscious of their own limitations.B brought plementary skills to their partnership.C were determined to outperform their brighter rivals.D encouraged each other to realise their joint ambition.29 The writer mentions petitions on breakfast cereal packets as an example ofhow to A inspire creative thinking.B generate concise writing.C promote loyalty to a group.D strengthen mitment to an idea.30 In the last paragraph, the writer suggests that it is important for employees toA be aware of their pany’s goals.B feel that their contributions are valued.C have respect for their coworkers’ achievements.D understand why certain management decisions are made.Questions 3135Complete each sentence with the correct ending, AG, below.Write the correct letter, AG, in boxes 3135 on your answer sheet.31 Employees whose values match those of their employers are more likely to32 At times of change, people tend to33 If people are aware of what they might lose, they will often34 People working under a dominant boss are liable to35 Employees working in organisations with few rules are more likely toA take chances.B share their ideas.C bee petitive.D get promotion.E avoid risk.F ignore their duties.G remain in their jobs. Questions 3640Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 3640 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.36 The physical surroundings in which a person works play a key role in determining their creativity.37 Most people have the potential to be creative. 38 Teams work best when their members are of equally matched intelligence.39 It is easier for smaller panies to be innovative.40 A manager’s approval of an idea is more persuasive than that of a colleague.TEST 2READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 113, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 17 Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, AG.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, iix, in boxes 17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The search for the reasons for an increase in population ii Industrialisation and the fear of unemploymentiii The development of cities in Japaniv The time and place of the Industrial Revolutionv The cases of Holland, France and Chinavi Changes in drinking habits in Britainvii Two keys to Britain39。 when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated.Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women bing their hair or churning butter.Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse。 others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers.As th