【正文】 ame would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual puters instead of placing them on one dedicated puter.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other puters and the elimination of duplicate files on each puter. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal puter . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal puter simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database syst。(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems。西方某些企業(yè)家夢(mèng)想完善的MIS是包治企業(yè)百病的靈丹妙藥；但也有人說(shuō)，過(guò)多的依賴MIS會(huì)導(dǎo)致管理上的失敗。目前許多國(guó)家正在醞釀一種更先進(jìn)的制造業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，成為敏捷制造企業(yè)。這就迫使人們通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)、培訓(xùn)，不斷提高個(gè)人素質(zhì)。企業(yè)的權(quán)力集中到高級(jí)管理人員手中以后，似乎使許多科室的工作減少了，因此有人預(yù)言，中層管理將消失。MIS正在促使管理方法由定性和定量相結(jié)合的方向發(fā)展。(LP)應(yīng)用準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)、全面質(zhì)量管理、并行工程等技術(shù)，最大限度的縮短產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)周期、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、降低再制品庫(kù)存，并在生產(chǎn)中提倡團(tuán)隊(duì)精神，以滿足客戶不斷變化的需求。MIS應(yīng)用得到了迅速的發(fā)展。近20年間，國(guó)外大公司出現(xiàn)了3種變化：l 抓管理著重于建立MIS系統(tǒng)，使管理技術(shù)走向成熟。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和人們對(duì)系統(tǒng)的需求進(jìn)一步提高，人們更加強(qiáng)調(diào)管理信息系統(tǒng)的階段。它應(yīng)有較好的人機(jī)對(duì)話方式，可以和不怎么熟悉計(jì)算機(jī)的人員通話。狀態(tài)報(bào)告系統(tǒng)還有一種形式是數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，它用來(lái)處理日常業(yè)務(wù)和生產(chǎn)報(bào)告，重點(diǎn)在于將手工作業(yè)自動(dòng)化，提高效率和節(jié)省人力。眾所周知，IBM公司是世界上最大的計(jì)算機(jī)公司，1964年它生產(chǎn)出中型計(jì)算機(jī)IBM360，使計(jì)算機(jī)的水平提高了一個(gè)臺(tái)階，但同時(shí)組織生產(chǎn)的管理工作卻大大復(fù)雜化了，一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)又超過(guò)15000個(gè)不同的部件，每個(gè)部件又有若干個(gè)元件，加之IBM的工廠遍及美國(guó)各地，不同的訂貨有不同的部件和不同的元件，必須指出什么工廠什么設(shè)備生產(chǎn)什么元件，因此不僅生產(chǎn)復(fù)雜，裝配、安裝和運(yùn)輸都十分復(fù)雜。但從概念上來(lái)講，它只是一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)更新系統(tǒng)，比如它不能告訴你以現(xiàn)在的售票速度何時(shí)票將售完，從而采取補(bǔ)救措施。管理信息系統(tǒng)在初級(jí)階段是統(tǒng)計(jì)系統(tǒng)，所研究的內(nèi)容是數(shù)量數(shù)據(jù)間表面的規(guī)律，它可以把數(shù)據(jù)分成較相關(guān)和較不相關(guān)的組，然后把數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為信息。在這個(gè)定義里強(qiáng)調(diào)了用信息支持決策，但并沒(méi)有強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)用模型，沒(méi)有提到計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用。1958年，蓋爾寫(xiě)到：“管理將以較低的成本得到及時(shí)的、準(zhǔn)確的信息，做到較好的控制”。在這些學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)上，形成信息收集和加工的方法，從而形成一個(gè)縱橫交織的系統(tǒng)。東XXXXXXX計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目面向制造業(yè)的物料管理系統(tǒng)采購(gòu)管理子系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)翻譯（1）題目管理信息系統(tǒng)翻譯（2）題目數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的介紹學(xué) 院計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院專 業(yè)姓 名班 級(jí)學(xué) 號(hào)Management Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary munity of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles. 1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, pletes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance. In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man the engine system. It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and ponent, but also make known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time. The Developing History of MIS The management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message. The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline pany put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minu