【正文】 樂器被送到了沙斯黨面談前，以便他們能準備?？⒐ず蟮奈墨I回顧的因素進行了分析和分類的人員進入成本因素所經(jīng)歷的交通建設項目的增加。 方法論 增長的成本因素導致項目成本增長已通過大樣本的研究記錄，研究證實了單獨或團體。 1924 年 4 月份，水從一個裂縫沖進其中一個隧道，迫使工人匆忙逃跑的意外情況。委員會解釋說，這是新的成本是由于增加成本挑戰(zhàn)勞動和材料成本控制。重新設計的通風系統(tǒng)加 公分的隧道直徑及 4,422,000 美元的支出。增加的交通量預測需要更大的出入口廣場和獲取更多的權利的方式“汽車隧道在增加”。在紐約的建設開始于 1920 年 10 月 之后，在 1921 年 12 月底，在新澤西的一部分隧道出價“允許球衣方式。一個好處是將根據(jù)建設在東方河的隧道的經(jīng)驗和比哈德遜河更進一步。 ?工作不能在 3 年內完成。荷蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)： ?原來 Goethals 報告中 米的寬度不能適應車流。他以荷蘭克利頭工程連同董事會的 5 號州際公路工程咨詢的名字。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)耗盡了很多國家的鋼鐵產(chǎn)品，所以他的設計，利用水泥街區(qū)為隧道結構的外殼。正因如此 ,隧道會使用新通風技術來凈化內燃機所產(chǎn)生的廢氣。它的初始成本的估計是由著名的土木工程師 George Washington Goethals 做出的。 當缺少法則的 時候，在一個項目上顯著的成本增長會毀壞整體計劃，因為經(jīng)費將不夠用于 未來 的項目 建設。這段時期通常持續(xù)幾年，但對于高度復雜和技術挑戰(zhàn)性的項目 甚至可以 超過 10 年。 介紹 ：歷史 性 的 大型建筑工程已經(jīng)飽受成本和時間超支的困擾（ Flyvbjerg 李瑋 2020） 。 這項研究是通過對個人作品集的深入了解，來分門別類的分析 費用增長 的 因素。 公共基金用于一些項目的建設 是有限的，而且有些基金是用于一些重要的基礎設施，以備 不時之需 。 如圖所示， 荷蘭隧道建設 成本的增長就是一次很好的回顧。 浙江工業(yè)大學之江學院畢業(yè)設計（論文） 外文翻譯 5 Construction Project Cost Escalation Factors J. Mgmt. Abstract: Construction projects, private and public alike, have a long history of cost escalation. Transportation projects, which typically have long lead times between planning and construction, are historically underestimated, as shown through a review of the cost growth experienced with the Holland Tunnel. Approximately 50% of the active large transportation projects in the United States have overrun their initial budgets. A large number of studies and research projects have identified individual factors that lead to increased project cost. Although the factors identified can influence privately funded projects the effects are particularly detrimental to publicly funded projects. The public funds available for a pool of projects are limited and there is a backlog of critical infrastructure needs. Therefore, if any project exceeds its budget other projects are dropped from the program or the scope is reduced to provide the funds necessary to cover the cost growth. Such actions exacerbate the deterioration of a state’s transportation infrastructure. This study is an anthology and categorization of individual cost increase factors that were identified through an indepth literature review. This categorization of 18 primary factors which impact the cost of all types of construction projects was verified by interviews with over 20 state highway agencies. These factors represent documented causes behind cost escalation problems. Engineers who address these escalation factors when assessing future project cost and who seek to mitigate the influence of these factors can improve the accuracy of their cost estimates and program budgets Introduction： Historically large construction projects have been plagued by cost and schedule overruns Flyvbjerg et al. 2020. In too many cases, the final project cost has been higher than the cost estimates prepared and released during initial planning, preliminary engineering, final design, or even at the start of construction “Mega projects need more study up front to avoid cost overruns.” The ramifications of differences between early project cost estimates and bid prices or the final cost of a project can be significant. Over the time span between project initiation concept development and the pletion of construction many factors may influence the final project costs. This time span is normally several years in duration but for the highly plex and technologically challenging 浙江工業(yè)大學之江學院畢業(yè)設計（論文） 外文翻譯 6 projects it can easily exceed 10 years. Organizations face a major challenge in controlling project budgets over the time span between project initiation and the pletion of construction. The development of cost estimates that accurately reflect project scope, economic conditions, and are attuned to munity interest and the macroeconomic conditions provide a baseline cost that management can use to impart discipline into the design process. Projects can be delivered on budget but that requires a good starting estimate, an awareness of factors that can cause cost escalation, and project management discipline. When discipline is lacking, significant cost growth on one project can raze the larger program of projects because funds will not be available for future projects that are programmed for construction History— Holland Tunne