外文翻譯---高新科技領域和納米技術領域的競爭力-全文預覽
【正文】 g a hollowingout of core technologies. Despite various measures taken in recent years to remedy this situation, there is still a long ways to go before we will see any fruitful results in terms of industrial petitiveness. Accordingly, the realization of a new paradigm towards the acquisition of petitiveness is required among both panies and the government. This means the establishment of new business models in the case of panies, and a thorough overhaul of the vertically divided administrative structure in the case of the government. Towards the Basics Began in the 1980s (1) Criticizing Japan’s alleged free ride in basic research Japan began to rapidly improve its technological petitiveness in the 1970s and started to pose a major threat to leading panies in the United States and Europe, which had long been the targets of Japan’s efforts to catch up. Indeed, the exact situation that Japan is facing, ., declining petitiveness and the hollowingout of domestic industries, was taking place in Europe and, particularly, in the United States. The domestic measures mounted in the United States to reverse these trends included a strengthening of research and development investment in such leadingedge fields as information and biotechnology, where the prospects for industrialization were unclear at the time. Such measures also included the vitalization of universities and the implementation of various steps to link the results of academic research to industry. In terms of external measures, a survey organization known as the Japanese Technology Evaluation Center (JTEC) was established in 1983 and exclusively charged with monitoring developments and analyzing the background of Japan’s efforts to improve its petitiveness. This represented the classic approach of knowing one39。s policies as using the full efforts of the nation to support selected industries, or socalled targeting policies, and increased its criticism by using the term Japan Inc. This criticism became especially acrimonious over the issue of basic research, with many Western observers claiming that Japan was taking a free ride in basic technology. As the results of basic research are seen as the public domain of the world at large, it is a widely accepted notion that every nation should make appropriate contributions to its formation. Accordingly, the crux of the argument was that Japan was enjoying industrial success by utilizing the results of basic research (acquired from the United States and Europe), but was doing little to fulfill its international responsibilities with respect to creating basic research results. (2) Shift towards basic research by both the government and private sector panies While some doubt still remains over the validity of such criticism, there was a shift by both the government and private sector panies in Japan towards carrying out more basic research. The government moves included the steps taken in 1981 to inaugurate the Technology Research and Development Program for NextGeneration Industrial Infrastructures to replace the Development Program for LargeScale Industrial Technology (known as the “l(fā)arge projects”), which had led to major successes in catching up with leading Western panies in the puter industry since its establishment in 1996. This new program was set up with the aim of further improving originality and creativity by regarding the former large projects category as representative of
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