【正文】 部巖層堅(jiān)硬完整的高大路塹邊坡； ④ 不能承受山體壓力，邊坡須是穩(wěn)定的。 ④ 頂部應(yīng)用原土夯填，以免水流沖刷。實(shí)體護(hù)面墻適用于一般土質(zhì)及碎石邊坡；空窗式護(hù)面墻用于邊坡緩于 1： ，孔窗內(nèi)可采用捶面（坡面干燥時(shí)）或干砌片石；拱式護(hù)面墻用于邊坡下部巖層較完整，而需要防護(hù)上部邊坡者或通過個(gè)別軟弱地段時(shí)，邊坡巖層較完整且坡度較陡時(shí)采用肋式護(hù)面墻。 ② 易受洪水浸淹的路基填方邊坡。 2 ③ 大面積抹面或捶面時(shí)，每隔 5～ 10m 應(yīng)設(shè)伸縮縫。 工程防護(hù) 抹面與捶面 ： ① 對(duì)各種易于風(fēng)化的軟巖層（如泥質(zhì)砂巖、頁巖、千枚巖、 泥質(zhì)板巖等）邊坡，當(dāng)巖層風(fēng)化不甚嚴(yán)重時(shí)； ② 所防護(hù)的邊坡，本身必須是穩(wěn)定的，但其坡面形狀、陡度及平順性不受限制； ③ 所防護(hù)的邊坡，必須是干燥、無地下水的巖質(zhì)邊坡。 邊坡設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)遵循 “ 安全綠色、水土保持、恢復(fù)自 然、環(huán)保之路 ” 的設(shè)計(jì)原則。1 公路邊坡常見支護(hù)方法 目前，我國山區(qū)高速公路建設(shè)迅猛發(fā)展。 公路邊坡沿公路分布的范圍廣，對(duì)自然環(huán)境的破壞范圍大，如果在防護(hù)的同時(shí)，能夠注意保護(hù)環(huán)境和創(chuàng)造環(huán)境，采用適當(dāng)?shù)木G化防護(hù)方法來進(jìn)行，則會(huì)使公路具有安全、舒適、美觀、與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)等特點(diǎn)，也將會(huì)產(chǎn)生可觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益和生態(tài)效益。 ③ 綜合效應(yīng)：綜合防光，防眩，防煙，誘導(dǎo)司機(jī)視線，改善景觀等目的進(jìn)行邊坡綠化防護(hù)，充分發(fā)揮防護(hù)工程的綜合效益。如在其邊坡頂部做截水溝，溝底與溝邊也要做抹面或捶面防護(hù)。 ： ① 適用于粉土、粉砂、粉質(zhì)粘土、粘土等填方邊坡。 護(hù)面墻 ： ① 多用于易風(fēng)化的云母巖、綠泥片巖、千枚巖及其它風(fēng)化嚴(yán)重的軟質(zhì)巖層和較破碎的巖石地段，以防止繼續(xù)風(fēng)化； ② 所防護(hù)的邊坡本身 必須是穩(wěn)固的； ③ 護(hù)面墻有實(shí)體護(hù)面墻、孔窗式護(hù)面墻、拱式護(hù)面墻和肋式護(hù)面墻。 ③ 修筑護(hù)面墻前，對(duì)所有的邊坡清除風(fēng)化層至新鮮巖層，對(duì)風(fēng)化迅速的巖質(zhì)（如云母巖、綠泥片巖等）邊坡，清挖出新鮮巖面后，應(yīng)立即修筑護(hù)面墻。 噴漿或噴射混凝土防護(hù) ： ① 適用于巖性較差、強(qiáng)度較底、易風(fēng)化或堅(jiān)硬巖層風(fēng)化破碎、節(jié)理發(fā)育、其表層風(fēng)化剝落的巖質(zhì)邊坡； ② 當(dāng)巖質(zhì)邊坡因風(fēng)化剝落和節(jié)理切割而導(dǎo)致大面積碎落，以及局部小型坍塌、落石時(shí)，可采用局部加固處理后，進(jìn)行大面積噴漿（噴射混凝土）。 ③ 漿體兩側(cè)鑿槽嵌入巖層內(nèi)。 ② 錨固深度視邊坡巖層的破碎程度及破碎層的厚度而定，用 1： 3的水泥沙漿固結(jié)。 土釘墻 土釘墻是一種較新式的結(jié)構(gòu)物，它主要由 “ 釘 ” （即錨桿）、混凝土面板（掛網(wǎng)噴射混凝土）、錨板組 成。 ： ① 施工程序?yàn)椋撼煽祝蹇祝媒睿{－噴射第一層細(xì)石混凝土－裝掛鋼絲網(wǎng)－噴射第二層細(xì)石 混凝土； ② 第一層細(xì)石混凝土厚 7～ 10cm，第二層細(xì)石混凝土厚 8cm. 預(yù)應(yīng)力錨索梁 預(yù)應(yīng)力錨索梁是最近幾年發(fā)展起來的一種新型加固措施。 裂隙和斷層發(fā)育、防緩邊坡工作量巨大的高陡邊坡。 ④ 預(yù)應(yīng)力錨索施工程序?yàn)椋悍劈c(diǎn)鉆孔 — 編制鋼 絞線 — 注漿 — 張拉鎖定。 ② 噴播法：適用于礫間有砂的礫質(zhì)土，或厚度在 25mm 以下的砂質(zhì)土，厚度在 23mm 以下的粘性土、亞粘土土 坡，或當(dāng)厚度在 25mm 以上的硬質(zhì)土?xí)r，在常降暴雨地區(qū)，則與鋪席工程并用。挖溝法是在邊坡大致按水平間隔 50cm 左右，挖掘 10～ 15cm 深的溝，放入肥料后，撒播 種子。 平鋪、水平疊鋪、垂直坡面或與坡面成一半破腳的傾斜疊置，以及采用片石等鋪砌成方格或拱形邊框、方格內(nèi)鋪草皮等。高等級(jí)公路邊坡上嚴(yán)禁種喬木。面層外觀凹凸不平。 時(shí)，三維植被網(wǎng)仍可保留阻滯住 60%的土壤。 ④ 草種采用混合草種，生長成坪快；抗逆性強(qiáng)、耐貧瘠、耐粗放式管理等。其預(yù)張拉作業(yè)使系統(tǒng)緊貼坡面形成了局部巖坡或土體移動(dòng)或發(fā)生細(xì)小位移后將其裹縛于原位附近的預(yù)應(yīng)力，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)其主動(dòng)防護(hù)的功能。 巖體交互發(fā)育、坡面整體性差，有巖崩可能的高路塹邊坡。一定程度的硬化使種植免遭沖蝕，而空隙內(nèi)填有種子、土壤、保水材料等，空隙既是種植基質(zhì)的填充空間， 又是植物根系的生長空間。 ② 錨桿、掛網(wǎng) 先在坡面上打孔，然后將機(jī)編網(wǎng)開卷鋪掛在坡面上，再用錨桿或錨釘固定。 ⑤ 養(yǎng)護(hù) 噴播后如未下雨則需每天澆水保持土壤濕潤。 ② 框格形式主要有正方形、菱形、拱形、主肋加斜向橫肋或波浪形橫肋以及幾種幾何圖形組合等形式，框格及橫肋寬 ～ ，主肋寬一般 1m 左右，框格間距 ～ . ③ 應(yīng)根據(jù)情況設(shè)置固定樁或錨固筋固定。 (2) the slope protection by itself must be substantial。 The height of the single stage counterfort 15m usually less than the total height, multilevel wall as usually less than. (2) along the wall body length set a 2cm every 10m within the expansion joints with reinforced asphalt hemp seam padded. After discharge holes in the sand with rubble and make reverse filter layer to exclude wall drainage. (3) to build HuMianQiang ago, all the slope rock weathering layer to fresh cleared to weathering quickly, the rocky (like mica rocks, LuNi schist, etc) slope, clear dug fresh gape, shall be immediately repaired after HuMianQiang. (4) the soils ramming fill top application, lest flow washout. 2. HuMianQiang casing hole HuMianQiang window casing hole hole for semicircle arch, usually high ~ m, width 2 ~ 3m, radius 1 ~ m. its base, thickness, 15 expansion joints, such as HuMianQiang identical with the entity within hole, according to specific situation PianShi, electrode using dry build by laying bricks or stones on grass, or face. 3. HuMianQiang arch Arch than hours (across 2 ~ 3m), the arch ring can use 10 cement mortar build by laying bricks or stones, PianShi arch height depending on the slope rock under plete and decide, arch height, can be made larger span concrete arch ring. shortcreting or sprayed concrete protective applicable condition: (1) applies to the lithology is bad, the intensity is bottom, easy weathering or hard rock weathering crushing, joints growth, its surface weathering falling rock slope。 Prior ShiJiaZheng loose rock slope initiative to lock paction pressure, so solid action。t apply. cropping pattern According to the construction method is different, have the following several ways: (1) the seed sown method: for the soft soil retaining mm, ply is in the sand soil, under the 23mm below of cohesive soil slope, and the situation in 1:1 slowly. (2) YuLi hydroseeder law: there is between sand gravel in thickness, or pledge soil sandy soil under mm in 23mm below, thickness of cohesive soil, and clay soil, or when the thickness of hard soil in more than 25 mm in often drops when heavy rains and shop area, the table with engineering. (3) hydroseeder law: replace with outsoil replace with outsoil hydroseeder technology is a kind of plant life environment, improve slope promotes plant growth in mon conditions, thus unable to afforest or afforested effect on poor slope greening, restore realize stereo new technology of natural vegetation. Method of replace with outsoil hydroseeder has extensive adaptability, soil or rock slope have applied. (4) attack a vital point, digging ditches method Methods: in the slope point method is with drill mining diameter 5 ~ 10 ~ 15cm 8cm, deep hole, every square metre about eight to 12, will prevent solid fertilizer etc, formed the hole and sand, etc, then buried the seeds. Digging ditches method is roughly in slope by level, digging around 50cm between 10 ~ 15cm deep groove, into fertilizer, sown seeds. 20 Suitable for: road greening lands on both sides of the site conditions of poor situation, such as hard soil or granite weathering sandy soil slope excavation. spread sod application conditions Various soil slope, especially serious slope erosion and slope steep (up to 60 176。 Strong resistance, resistance t