【正文】 people in the meyalworking industries but also the increasing demand for programmers as industry turns more to the use of numerically controlled machines to increase the capability, versaility, and productivity of manufacturing. On an industrywide basis,the obvious answer is to create new programmers by training themand there are a number of sources for such training. But first,what qualifications should programmers have, and what must programming trainees learn? According to the National Machine Tool Builder’s Assn booklet ―Selecting an Appropriate NC programming Method,‖the principal qualifications for manual programmers are as follows: Manufacuring Experience Programmers must have a thorough understading of the capabilities of the NC machines being programmed, as well as an understanding of the basic capabilities of the other machines in the shop. They must have an extensive knowledge of, and sensitivity to, metalcutting principles and practices and practices, cutting capabilities of the tools, and workholding fixtures and techniques. Programmers properly trained in these manufacturingengineering techniques can significantly reduce production costs. Spatial Visualization Programmers must be able to visualize parts in there dimensions, the cutting motions of the machine, and potential interferences between the cutting tool, workpiece, fixture, or the machine itself. 機械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 Mathematics A working knowledge of arithmetic, algebraic, trigonometric, and geometric operations is extremely important. A knowledge of higher mathematics, such as advanced algebra, calculus,etc, is not normally required. Attention to Details It is essential that programmers be acutely observant and meticulously accurate individuals. Programmers errors discovered during machine setup can be very expensive and timeconsuming to correct. “ Manual programmer,” the booklet nots elsewhere, ―requires the programmer to have moredetailed knowledge of the machine and contril, maching practices, and methods of pution than dose puteraided programming. Computeraided programming, on the other hand, requires a knowledge of the puter programming language and the puter system in order to process that language. In general, manual programmer is more tedious and demanding because of the detail involved. In a puter –aided programming system, this detail knowledge is embodied in the puter system(processor, postprocessor, etc).‖ Experts in the NC and training fields typically agree on these qualifications and requirementsadding such subsidiary details as a knowledge of blueprint reading, machinability of different metals, use of shop measuring instruments, tolerancing methods, and practices. Where should you look for candidates? First of all, in your own plantout on the shop floor. Edward F. Schloss, a Cincinnati Milacron sales vice president, puts it this way: ―We’ve had excellent success with good lathe operators and good boringmill hands. They don’t know it, but they’ve been programming most of their working lives, and they know basic shop math and trigonometry. You can teach them programming rather handily. Conversely, though, it’s fairly hard to make NC partprogrammers out of highpowered mathematicians. The path programming is easy. But what to do with itthe feeds, speeds, etc. –that may take even moreextensive training.‖ With morepowerful puterassist programming, the need for metalcutting knowledge on the part of programmers is reduced. Through the use of this software, Cincinnati Milacron has been very successful in hiring nem college graduates, includeing some with nontechnical degrees, and training them to be NC partprogramming. The trainees are given handson machinetool experience in the plant before they are advanced to programming. All suppliers of NC machine tools, of course, provide some sort of training in the proramming of their products, and most offer formalized training programs, Milacron’s sales department, for example, has 20 fulltime customertraining instructors. The pany’s prerequisites for programmer training include the following: ―Participants must have knowledge of general machineshop safety procedures and be able to read detail drawings, sectional views, and NC manuscripts. ‖ ―Knowledge of plane geometry, rightangle trigonometry, and fundamentals of tolerancing is required.‖ ―Knowledge of NC manual partprogramming, NC machinetool setup and operating procedures, part processing