【正文】 increase from historical escalation rates, up to 1015 percent per year in many regions of the US. These increases have been caused by a variety of factors, including the following. ? Shortage of steel resulting from rapid growth in China. ? Demand for materials in the US resulting from increased hurricane damage. ? Rising oil prices leading to higher manufacturing and transportation cost. ? Rising labor cost because of increased construction activity . To be successful in having over budget projects awarded, the building contractor has had to take a proactive role in working with owners and design teams to reduce project cost to amounts that owners are able to award. This cost reduction is normally acplished through the following methods. ? value engineering。s role is to use his estimating and construction expertise to analyze various ponents and systems within the project for alternate solutions. The contractor should also bring in key subcontractors and suppliers who are often able to identify alternate materials and/or systems within their specialties. Each division of work should be examined and evaluated for VE solutions. In past years, this process and service was considered part of the building contractors overhead. However, in today39。 ? standard designs in place of custom elements。在過去幾年中這一趨勢急劇增加，許多建筑行業(yè)都受到成本增加的沖擊。 ?颶風(fēng)所造成的危害導(dǎo)致美國材料需求的增長。實(shí)現(xiàn)成本的降低通常可以采用以下方法： ?價(jià)值 工程 ?縮小 項(xiàng)目 成本支出的 范圍 價(jià)值工程 價(jià)值工程（ VE）被定義為一種提高商品和服務(wù)的價(jià)值并降低成本的系統(tǒng)的方法。VE起源于二戰(zhàn)期間美國通用電氣公司。 VE的基本步驟包括 以下幾個(gè)方面： ?信息收集：定義項(xiàng)目的需求、進(jìn)行功能分析。 VE評(píng)估的生命周期包括初始成本、維修成本、運(yùn)營成本、產(chǎn)品的壽命、貨幣時(shí)間價(jià)值、重置成本以及替換的頻率。比如說減少整個(gè)屋頂外圍斜屋頂上的排水系統(tǒng)就是一個(gè)減少數(shù)量的例子；用乙烯組成的瓷磚（ VCT）替代普通的瓷磚 就 是 為了說明 降低質(zhì)量 水平來達(dá)到縮小范圍的目的 。 其次，承包商的角色就是要利用他們 在估 算和施工 方面 的專業(yè)知識(shí)來分析項(xiàng)目內(nèi)各 組成成分和體系， 從而找 到 方案。然而，在當(dāng)今的市場上，一些承包商會(huì)通過價(jià)格談判 來補(bǔ)償沒有中標(biāo)時(shí)他們所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和精力。 通過 WBS圖來發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和 /或者找出需要考慮的地方 這個(gè)部分 向承包商提供了需要審查和 /或提出問題的地方，這是建立在 WBS圖基礎(chǔ)上來降低施工成本。 MEP系統(tǒng)通常占了建筑項(xiàng)目成本的 30%50%。然而，承包商可以在控制 過程中扮演重要角色 使用他們過去的建設(shè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及他們分包商和供應(yīng)商的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)來降低成本費(fèi)用，這些可能是業(yè)主和 /或者設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)在之前所沒有考慮到的。這些成本的降低不僅 滿足了他們的成本預(yù)算，而且通過將變更添加到合同附件中來實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目的順利建設(shè)。在所列的這些范圍中有些需要大量的設(shè)計(jì)變更 并導(dǎo)致工期延誤。 WBS是一種將項(xiàng)目分為最基本組成成分 的樹狀結(jié)構(gòu) 圖 。 項(xiàng)目工作的每個(gè)決定應(yīng)該通過價(jià)值工程方法的檢驗(yàn)和評(píng)估。對于被選中參加協(xié)商談判的承包商來說，這是一個(gè)獲得項(xiàng)目的機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也是 與業(yè)主和設(shè)計(jì)單位建立信任、公開 化 關(guān)系的機(jī)會(huì)。 縮小項(xiàng)目 成本支出的 范圍 縮小 支出 范圍包括在業(yè)主可接受基礎(chǔ)上降低質(zhì)量水平、減少數(shù)量或者兩者同時(shí)減少。 ?評(píng)估：評(píng)估各種方法對于滿足需求和降低成本的程度。 通用公司開發(fā)了一種稱為價(jià)值分析的過程體系。價(jià)值增加不僅可以通過提高功能還可以通過降低生產(chǎn)成本來實(shí)現(xiàn)。 ?建筑行業(yè)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力成本的上漲。在過去的幾年中，美國很多地區(qū)的建筑行業(yè)的成本的增長率已經(jīng)從歷史的水平迅速增加到每年 10%15%。 have crane and hoisting options been pared? ? Can the Owner include the Builders Risk policy?. Breaking down and analyzing the ponents of a building project through the work breakdown structure can aid in reduction summaries also reveal that the mechanical, electrical and plumbing(MEP) systems typically offer the greatest opportunity for cost savings due to their total significance to a project. The MEP systems normally make up between 30 to 50 percent of a building project39。 ? drilled caissons vs. piles。 Value Engineering Value engineering (VE) has been defined as a systematic method to improve the value of goods and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the function or reducing the cost. Ⅲ 9 It is a primary te of value engineering that quality not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements . VE is a process originating at General Electric Company (GE) during World War II. Because of shortages of skilled labor, raw materials, and ponent parts, engineers at GE looked for acceptable alternates and often found substitutions that resulted in reduced costs and/or product improvement. GE developed a systematic process that they called value analysis. Over the years the name gradually changed to VE. The basic steps of VE include the following： ? Information gathering: project requirements defined, function analysis. ? Alternates: various ways of meeting the requirements and functions. ? Evaluation: assessment of alternates on how well they meet requirements and costs savings. ? Presentation: selection of best alternatives to be presented to client for decisions. True VE evaluates life cycle costs such as initial cost, maintenance cost, operational cost, life span, time value of money, replacement cost, and frequency of replacement. VE can be undertaken at any stage of the building design process。s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design Author： Waddle,Todd W. Nationality： UK Derivation： Cost Engineering。 為了確保變更程序是明確和毫不含糊的以及方便施工人員提出要求發(fā)生改變，應(yīng)該建立一個(gè)有效的變更控制體系。在這種情況下，凈現(xiàn)值（ NPV）能夠被用來作 為一種持續(xù)監(jiān)控的方法，因?yàn)閮衄F(xiàn)值考慮了時(shí)間的因素來對未來現(xiàn)金流 折現(xiàn)，它是現(xiàn)金流考慮時(shí)間價(jià)值影響后的結(jié)果。第五，管理者應(yīng)該檢測項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)中使用的關(guān)鍵資源，有些資源由于是非常昂貴和有限的而至關(guān)重要 (Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。因此，關(guān)鍵路徑上的工作應(yīng)該首先進(jìn)行檢測和控制。 對檢測的優(yōu)先順序進(jìn)行排 序 在施工階段，很多施工活動(dòng)是基于原來的計(jì)劃。 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)算成本的目標(biāo)，項(xiàng)目管理者需要建立一個(gè)高效的管理框架，包括：報(bào)告的結(jié)構(gòu)，評(píng)估的進(jìn)展情況以及溝通體系。項(xiàng)目在施工階段的監(jiān)測和控制對于項(xiàng)目的成功是至關(guān)重要的。很多意想不到的因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致項(xiàng)目成本的增加。 它表明 ， 要取得成功，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須關(guān)注這些成功的方法。t know the best action to take. In this circumstance, present value (NPV) should be used as an ongoing monitor and control mechanism, because NPV takes account of the time element and discounts future cash flows, it is the result of the time effect on cash Change monitor and con